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Confocal laser endoscopy inzira nyowani yechokwadi-nguva optical biopsy.Fluorescent mifananidzo yehistological quality inogona kuwanikwa pakarepo kubva epithelium yenhengo dzisina mhango.Parizvino, scanning inoitwa proximally with probe-based instruments ayo anowanzo shandiswa mukiriniki maitiro, ane kushomeka kuchinjika mukutarisa kutarisa.Isu tinoratidza kushandiswa kweparametric resonant scanner yakaiswa kumagumo ekupedzisira endoscope kuita yakakwira-speed lateral deflection.Gomba rakaiswa pakati pechiratidziri kuti ripenye nzira yechiedza.Iyi dhizaini inoderedza saizi yechiridzwa kusvika 2.4 mm muhupamhi uye 10 mm kureba, ichibvumira kupfuudzwa kumberi kuburikidza nekushanda chiteshi cheyakajairwa endoscopes yekurapa.Iyo compact lens inopa lateral uye axial resolution ye1.1 uye 13.6 µm, zvichiteerana.Chinhambwe chekushanda che0 µm uye munda wekuona we250 µm × 250 µm unowanikwa pamitengo yeforemu kusvika ku20 Hz.Kunakidzwa pa488 nm kunofadza fluorescein, iyo FDA yakatenderwa dhayi yekusiyana kwematishu.Endoscopes akadzokororwa kwegumi nemasere macycle pasina kukundikana vachishandisa nzira dzekiriniki dzakatenderwa kubereka.Mifananidzo yefluorescent yakawanikwa kubva kune yakajairwa colonic mucosa, tubular adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, ulcerative colitis, uye Crohn's colitis panguva yenguva colonoscopy.Masero ega anogona kuzivikanwa, anosanganisira colonocytes, goblet masero, uye masero anopisa.Mucosal maficha akadai se crypt zvimiro, crypt cavities, uye lamina propria inogona kusiyaniswa.Icho chiridzwa chinogona kushandiswa sechibatanidzwa kune yakajairwa endoscopy.
Confocal laser endoscopy inyowani yekufungidzira modhi iri kugadzirwa kuti ishandiswe mukiriniki seanopindirana nemaitiro endoscopy1,2,3.Izvi zvinochinjika, fiber-optic-yakabatana zviridzwa zvinogona kushandiswa kuona zvirwere mumaseru epithelial anotenderera nhengo dzisina maburi, senge colon.Iri rakatetepa retishu rinoshanda zvakanyanya uye ndiro rinokonzeresa zvirwere zvakawanda zvakaita segomarara, utachiona, uye kuzvimba.Endoscopy inogona kuwana subcellular resolution, ichipa chaiyo-nguva, pedyo-histological quality mu vivo mifananidzo kubatsira varapi kuita sarudzo dzekiriniki.Physical tissue biopsy inotakura njodzi yekubuda ropa uye kubuda.Mazhinji kana mashoma ezvinyorwa zvebiopsy zvinowanzounganidzwa.Sample yega yega yakabviswa inowedzera mari yekuvhiya.Zvinotora mazuva akati wandei kuti sampuli iongororwe nenyanzvi.Munguva yemazuva ekumirira mhedzisiro yezvirwere, varwere vanowanzosangana nekushushikana.Kusiyana neizvi, mamwe makiriniki ekufungidzira maitiro akadai seMRI, CT, PET, SPECT, uye ultrasound inoshaya kugadziriswa kwepakati uye nguva yenguva inodiwa kuti ione maitiro epithelial mu vivo ne-real-time, subcellular resolution.
A probe-based instrument (Cellvizio) parizvino inowanzoshandiswa mumakiriniki kuita "optical biopsy".Magadzirirwo acho akavakirwa pane spatially coherent fiber optic bundle4 inounganidza uye kutumira mifananidzo yefluorescent.Iyo imwechete fiber musimboti inoita se "gomba" yekusefa nzvimbo yakasvibiswa mwenje we subcellular resolution.Kuongorora kunoitwa proximally uchishandisa hombe, bulky galvanometer.Iyi gadziriro inodzikamisa kugona kwekutarisa kwekudzora chishandiso.Kurongeka kwakaringana kwekutanga epithelial carcinoma kunoda kuoneswa pazasi pematishu pamusoro kuti uongorore kupindira uye kuona kurapa kwakakodzera.Fluorescein, iyo FDA-yakatenderwa musiyano mumiriri, inopihwa mutsinga kuratidza zvimiro zveepithelium. Aya maendomicroscopes ane ma dimensions <2.4 mm mudhayamita, uye anogona kupfuudzwa mberi zviri nyore kuburikidza ne biopsy chiteshi che standard endoscopes yekurapa. Aya maendomicroscopes ane ma dimensions <2.4 mm mudhayamita, uye anogona kupfuudzwa mberi zviri nyore kuburikidza ne biopsy chiteshi che standard endoscopes yekurapa. Эти эндомикроскопы имеют размеры <2,4 мм в диаметре и могут быть легко проведены через биопсийный канал стандартных проведены через биопсийный канал стандартных медицински. Aya endomicroscopes ari <2.4 mm mudhayamita uye anogona kupfuudzwa zviri nyore kuburikidza ne biopsy chiteshi che standard endoscopes yekurapa.Aya ma borescopes ari pasi pe 2.4 mm mudhayamita uye nyore nyore kupfuura biopsy chiteshi chezviborosikopu zvekurapa zvakajairwa.Uku kuchinjika kunobvumira kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwekiriniki uye yakasununguka kune endoscope vanogadzira.Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekiriniki zvakaitwa pachishandiswa mudziyo wekufungidzira uyu, kusanganisira kutanga kutariswa kwegomarara resophagus, dumbu, colon, uye nemuromo.Imaging maprotocol akagadzirwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwemaitiro kwakasimbiswa.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inyanzvi ine simba yekugadzira uye kugadzira diki maturusi ekuvheneka anoshandiswa kumagumo endoscopes.Iyi nzvimbo (inoenderana neproximal) inobvumira kushanduka kukuru mukudzora nzvimbo yekutarisa5,6.Mukuwedzera kune lateral deflection, iyo distal mechanism inogonawo kuita axial scans, post-chinangwa scans, uye random access scans.Aya masimba anogonesa kubvunzurudzwa kwakazara kwesero, kusanganisira vertical cross-sectional imaging7, nzvimbo huru yekuona (FOV)8 aberration-free scanning, uye mashandiro akavandudzwa munzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa nemushandisi9.MEMS inogadzirisa dambudziko rakakura rekurongedza injini yekuvheneka nenzvimbo shoma inowanikwa kumagumo echiridzwa.Kana ichienzaniswa neyakakura galvanometers, MEMS inopa kushanda kwepamusoro padiki saizi, kumhanya kwakanyanya, uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa.Nzira yekugadzira yakapfava inogona kukwidziridzwa pakugadzirwa kwakawanda pamutengo wakaderera.Mazhinji maMEMS magadzirirwo akambotaurwa10,11,12.Hapana yetekinoroji isati yave yakagadzirwa zvakakwana kuti igone kugonesa kupararira kwekiriniki kushandiswa kweiyo chaiyo-nguva mu vivo imaging kuburikidza nekushanda chiteshi chekurapa endoscope.Pano, isu tine chinangwa chekuratidza kushandiswa kweMEMS scanner kumagumo ekupedzisira endoscope ye in vivo yekutora mifananidzo yemunhu panguva yenguva dzose yekiriniki endoscopy.
Fiber optic chiridzwa chakagadzirwa pachishandiswa MEMS scanner kudivi rekupedzisira kuunganidza chaiyo-nguva mu vivo fluorescent mifananidzo ine yakafanana histological maitiro.Imwe-modhi faibha (SMF) yakavharirwa mune inochinjika polymer chubhu uye inofara pa λex = 488 nm.Iyi gadziriso inopfupisa kureba kweiyo distal tip uye inobvumira kuti ipfuure kumberi kuburikidza nekushanda chiteshi cheyakajairwa endoscopes yekurapa.Shandisa muromo kuisa pakati peoptic.Aya malenzi akagadzirirwa kuwana anenge diffractive axial resolution ine nhamba aperture (NA) = 0.41 uye kushanda chinhambwe = 0 µm13.Precision shims inogadzirwa kuti inyatso kurongedza optics 14. Iyo scanner inoputirwa muendoscope ine rigid distal tip 2.4 mm muhupamhi uye 10 mm kureba (Fig. 1a).Izvi zviyero zvinobvumira kuti zvishandiswe mumakiriniki ekudzidzira sechinhu chinowanikwa panguva ye endoscopy (Fig. 1b).Iyo yakanyanya simba rechiitiko chelaser pane tishu yaive 2 mW.
Confocal laser endoscopy (CLE) uye MEMS scanners.Mufananidzo unoratidza (a) chiridzwa chakaputirwa chine distal tipi rakasimba re 2.4 mm kureba uye 10 mm kureba uye (b) nzira yakatwasuka nemugero rinoshanda reiyo standard medical endoscope (Olympus CF-HQ190L).(c) Kutarisa kumberi kwe scanner ichiratidza chiratidziri chine buri repakati re50 µm rinopfuura nepaburi retsono.Iyo scanner inoiswa pagimbal inofambiswa neseti ye quadrature comb drive drive.Iyo resonant frequency yemudziyo inotarirwa nehukuru hwechitubu che torsion.(d) Maonero epadivi echi scanner chinoratidza scanner yakaiswa pachigadziko chine waya dzakabatanidzwa neelectrode anchors dzinopa mapoinzi ekubatanidza ekutyaira nemagetsi masaini.
The scanning mechanism ine gimbal-mounted reflector inofambiswa neseti yecomb-driven quadrature actuators kuti ibvise danda mberi (XY ndege) muLissajous pateni (Fig. 1c).Gomba 50 µm muhupamhi rakaiswa pakati pepakati pakapfuura danda rekukurudzira.Iyo scanner inofambiswa pane resonant frequency yedhizaini, iyo inogona kugadziridzwa nekuchinja zviyero zve torsion spring.Electrode anchors dzaive dzakatemerwa padivi pechishandiso kuti dzipe mapoinzi ekubatanidza simba uye masaini ekudzora (Fig. 1d).
Iyo imaging system yakaiswa pane inotakurika ngoro iyo inogona kukungurutswa mukamuri yekushandisa.Iyo graphical mushandisi interface yakagadzirirwa kutsigira vashandisi vane diki ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, sevanachiremba nemanesi.Nemaoko tarisa iyo scanner drive frequency, beamform modhi, uye mufananidzo FOV.
Hurefu hwese hwe endoscope hunosvika 4m kuti ubvumire kuyambuka kwakazara kwezviridzwa kuburikidza nechiteshi chekushanda cheyakajairika endoscope yekurapa (1.68m), ine humwe hurefu hwekufambisa.Kumagumo ekupedzisira endoscope, iyo SMF newaya zvinopera mumakongiri anobatana nefiber optic uye mawaya echiteshi chepasi.Iyo yekumisikidza ine laser, sefa unit, yakakwira-voltage amplifier uye photomultiplier detector (PMT).Iyo amplifier inopa simba uye dhiraivha masaini kune scanner.Iyo optical filter unit inoroora iyo laser excitation kuSMF uye inopfuudza iyo fluorescence kuPMT.
Maendoscopes anodzokororwa mushure meimwe neimwe nzira yekiriniki uchishandisa iyo STERRAD sterilization maitiro uye anogona kumira kusvika gumi nemasere macycle pasina kukundikana.Kune mhinduro yeOPA, hapana zviratidzo zvekukuvara zvakaonekwa mushure meanopfuura gumi ekuuraya hutachiona.Mhedzisiro yeOPA yakapfuura STERRAD's, zvichiratidza kuti hupenyu hweendoscopes hunogona kuwedzerwa nepamusoro-level disinfection pane kuita sterilization.
Kugadziriswa kwemufananidzo kwakatemwa kubva pakupararira kwenzvimbo uchishandisa mabhero efluorescent ane dhayamita ye0.1 μm.Pakugadziriswa kwe lateral uye axial, hupamhi hwakazara pahafu yepamusoro (FWHM) ye1.1 uye 13.6 µm, maererano, yakayerwa (Fig. 2a, b).
Zvisarudzo zvemifananidzo.The lateral (a) uye axial (b) kugadziriswa kwekutarisa kwemaziso kunoratidzirwa nepoint spread function (PSF) yakayerwa uchishandisa fluorescent microspheres ine dhayamita ye0.1 μm.Iyo yakayerwa yakazara upamhi pahafu yepamusoro (FWHM) yaive 1.1 uye 13.6 µm, zvichiteerana.Inset: Maonero akawedzerwa eimwe microsphere muchinjika (XY) uye axial (XZ) mafambiro anoratidzwa.(c) Mufananidzo weFluorescent wakawanikwa kubva kune yakajairwa (USAF 1951) tarisiro yemutsetse (ovhari tsvuku) inoratidza kuti mapoka 7-6 anogona kugadziriswa zvakajeka.(d) Mufananidzo we 10 µm dhayamita akaparadzirwa fluorescent microspheres anoratidza mufananidzo munda wekuona we 250 µm×250 µm.Iwo maPSF mu (a, b) akavakwa achishandisa MATLAB R2019a (https://www.mathworks.com/).(c, d) Mifananidzo yeFluorescent yakaunganidzwa uchishandisa LabVIEW 2021 (https://www.ni.com/).
Fluorescent mifananidzo kubva kune yakajairwa resolution lenzi inosiyanisa zvakajeka seti yembiru mumapoka 7-6, iyo inochengetedza yakakwirira lateral resolution (Fig. 2c).Nzvimbo yekuona (FOV) ye250 µm × 250 µm yakatemwa kubva pamifananidzo ye10 µm dhayamita mabhero efluorescent akaparadzirwa pamakavharipi (Fig. 2d).
Iyo otomatiki nzira yePMT kuwana kutonga uye kururamisa kwechikamu kunoitwa mune yekiriniki imaging system kudzikisa mafambiro emagetsi kubva endoscopes, colon peristalsis, uye kufema kwemurwere.Kuvakazve mufananidzo uye kugadzirisa algorithms zvakatsanangurwa kare14,15.Kuwana kwe PMT kunodzorwa neproportional-integral (PI) controller kudzivirira intensity saturation16.Iyo sisitimu inoverenga yakanyanya pixel intensity kune yega furemu, inoverengera yakaenzana uye yakakosha mhinduro, uye inosarudza PMT kuwana kukosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti pixel intensity iri mukati meiyo inobvumidzwa renji.
Munguva yekufungidzira kwe vivo, kusawirirana kwechikamu pakati pekufamba kwe scanner uye chiratidzo chekudzora kunogona kukonzera kusajeka kwemufananidzo.Migumisiro yakadaro inogona kuitika nekuda kwekuchinja kwekushisa kwechigadzirwa mukati memuviri wemunhu.Mifananidzo yakachena yakaratidza kuti endoscope yaive yakabatana neyakajairika colonic mucosa mu vivo (Mufananidzo 3a).Kusviba kwemapikseli asina kurongeka kunogona kuoneka mumifananidzo isina kujeka yeyakajairika colonic mucosa (Mufananidzo 3b).Mushure mekurapa nechikamu chakakodzera uye kusiyanisa kugadzirisa, subcellular features of the mucosa inogona kusiyaniswa (Fig. 3c).Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, mifananidzo yakasvibirira yakasvibiswa uye yakagadziridzwa chaiyo-nguva mifananidzo inoratidzwa muFig. S1, uye magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa mufananidzo anoshandiswa panguva chaiyo uye mushure mekugadzirisa anowanikwa muTable S1 uye Tafura S2.
Image processing.(a) Wide-angle endoscopic image inoratidza endoscope (E) yakaiswa pakubata neyakajairika (N) colonic mucosa kuunganidza mu vivo fluorescent mifananidzo mushure mekutonga kwefluorescein.(b) Kudzungaira mu X uye Y maaxes panguva yekuongorora kunogona kukonzera misaligned pixels kudzima.Nezvinangwa zvekuratidzira, chikamu chikuru chekuchinja chinoshandiswa kumufananidzo wekutanga.(c) Mushure mekugadzirisa kwechikamu chekugadzirisa, zvinyorwa zvemucosal zvinogona kuongororwa, kusanganisira crypt zvimiro (miseve), ine lumen yepakati (l) yakakomberedzwa nelamina propria (lp).Masero mamwechete anogona kusiyaniswa, anosanganisira colonocytes (c), goblet masero (g), uye masero ekuputika (miseve).Ona yekuwedzera vhidhiyo 1. (b, c) Mifananidzo yakagadziriswa pachishandiswa LabVIEW 2021.
Confocal fluorescence mifananidzo yakawanikwa mu vivo mune akati wandei colonic zvirwere kuratidza yakafara kiriniki kushanda kwechiridzwa.Wide-angle imaging inotanga kuitwa pachishandiswa mwenje chena kuona mucosa isina kujairika zvakanyanya.Iyo endoscope inozofambiswa mberi kuburikidza nemugero wekushanda we colonoscope uye kuunzwa mukubata nemucosa.
Wide-field endoscopy, confocal endomicroscopy, uye histology (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidzwa yecolonic neoplasia, kusanganisira tubular adenoma uye hyperplastic polyp. Wide-field endoscopy, confocal endomicroscopy, uye histology (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidzwa yecolonic neoplasia, kusanganisira tubular adenoma uye hyperplastic polyp. Широкопольная эндоскопия, конфокальная эндомикроскопия и гистологические (H&E) изображения показаны для неоплазии токирустоя токирускопия токирускопия токиражения для неоплазии токичустоя кирублязи токирускопия у и гиперпластический полип. Colonic endoscopy, confocal endomicroscopy, uye histological (H&E) imaging inoratidzwa kune colonic neoplasia, kusanganisira tubular adenoma uye hyperplastic polyp.显示结肠肿瘤（包括管状腺瘤和增生性息肉) (H&E) 图像.共 设计 脚肠化 (图像 管状 躰化 和 增生性息肉) 的 广角 内刵霱录 共 共 光 在 在 和 和 和 和 结果 (H & E) Mufananidzo. Широкопольная эндоскопия, конфокальная микроэндоскопия и гистологические (H&E) изображения, показывающие опухоскопия опухоскопия опухоскопия опухологические (H&E) мы и гиперпластические полипы. Broad-field endoscopy, confocal microendoscopy, uye histological (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidza mapundu emukoloni, anosanganisira tubular adenomas uye hyperplastic polyps.Tubular adenomas yakaratidza kurasikirwa kwemaitiro akajairwa crypt architecture, kuderedzwa kwehukuru hwegoblet masero, kukanganisa kwe crypt lumen, uye kukora kwelamina propria (Fig. 4a-c).Hyperplastic polyps yakaratidza stellate architecture ye crypts, mashoma goblet masero, slit-like lumen ye crypts, uye irregular lamellar crypts (Fig. 4d-f).
Mufananidzo wemucosal gobvu ganda mu vivo. Inomiririra white light endoscopy, confocal endomicroscope, uye histology (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidzwa ye (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, uye (jl) Crohn's colitis. Inomiririra white light endoscopy, confocal endomicroscope, uye histology (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidzwa ye (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, uye (jl) Crohn's colitis. Типичные изображения эндоскопии в белом свете, конфокального эндомикроскопа и гистологии для (ac) аденомы, показаны для (ac) аденомы, зего, показаны для (ac) аденомы, конфокального эндомикроскопа (H&E) нного колита и (jl) колита Крона. Yakajairika white-light endoscopy, confocal endomicroscope, uye histology (H&E) mifananidzo inoratidzwa ye(ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyp, (gi) ulcerative colitis, uye (jl) Crohn's colitis.显示了(ac) 腺瘤、(df) 增生性息肉、(gi) 溃疡性结肠炎和(jl) 克罗恩结肠炎的代衣全性聚焦内窥镜检查和组织学( H&E) 图像. Zvinoratidza(ac) 躰真、(df) 增生性息肉、(gi) 苏盖性红肠炎和(jl) 克罗恩红肠炎的体育性煬光光罗恩红肠炎的体育性煬光内肠肠炎性和电视学( H&E ) mufananidzo. Представлены репрезентативные эндоскопия в белом свете, конфокальная эндоскопия (ac) аденомы, (df) гипезарплигостия (df) l) колита Крона (H&E). Representative white-light endoscopy, confocal endoscopy, uye histology ye (ac) adenoma, (df) hyperplastic polyposis, (gi) ulcerative colitis, uye (jl) Crohn's colitis (H & E) inoratidzwa.(B) inoratidza mufananidzo wakakomberedzwa unowanikwa muvivo kubva kune tubular adenoma (TA) uchishandisa endoscope (E).Iyi precancerous lesion inoratidza kurasikirwa kweyakajairwa crypt architecture (museve), kukanganisa kweiyo crypt lumen (l), uye kuwanda kwe crypt lamina propria (lp).Colonocytes (c), goblet masero (g), uye masero ekuputika (miseve) anogonawo kuonekwa.Smt.Supplementary Video 2. (e) inoratidza confocal mufananidzo wakawanikwa kubva hyperplastic polyp (HP) in vivo.Iyi benign lesion inoratidza stellate crypt architecture (museve), slit-like crypt lumen (l), uye isina kurongeka rakaumbwa lamina propria (lp).Colonocytes (c), masero akawanda egoblet (g) uye masero ekuputika (miseve) anogonawo kuonekwa.Smt.Supplementary Vhidhiyo 3. (h) inoratidza confocal mifananidzo inowanikwa mu ulcerative colitis (UC) in vivo.Iyi yekuzvimba mamiriro inoratidza yakakanganiswa crypt architecture (museve) uye akakurumbira goblet masero (g).Minhenga yefluorescein (f) inoburitswa kubva mumasero epithelial, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwevascular permeability.Masero akawanda ekuputika (miseve) anoonekwa mu lamina propria (lp).Smt.Supplementary Vhidhiyo 4. (k) inoratidza mufananidzo we confocal wakawanikwa mu vivo kubva munharaunda yeCrohn's colitis (CC).Iyi yekuzvimba mamiriro inoratidza yakakanganiswa crypt architecture (museve) uye akakurumbira goblet masero (g).Minhenga yefluorescein (f) inoburitswa kubva mumasero epithelial, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwevascular permeability.Masero akawanda ekuputika (miseve) anoonekwa mu lamina propria (lp).Smt.Yekuwedzera Vhidhiyo 5. (b, d, h, l) Mifananidzo yakagadziriswa pachishandiswa LabVIEW 2021.
Seti yakafanana yemifananidzo yekuzvimba kwekoloni inoratidzwa, kusanganisira ulcerative colitis (UC) (Mufananidzo 4g-i) uye Crohn's colitis (Mufananidzo 4j-l).Mhinduro yekuzvimba inofungidzirwa kuti inoratidzwa nekukanganisa crypt zvimiro zvine masero egoblet anobuda.Fluorescein inosvinwa kunze kwemasero epithelial, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwevascular permeability.Nhamba huru yemasero ekuputika inogona kuonekwa mu lamina propria.
Takaratidza kiriniki yekushandiswa kwefiber-coupled confocal laser endoscope inoshandisa distally positioned MEMS scanner ye in vivo image acquisition.Paresonant frequency, furemu mitengo inosvika makumi maviri Hz inogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa yakakwira-density Lissajous scan mode kudzikisa mafambiro ekugadzira.Iyo nzira yekuona inopetwa kuti ipe danda rekuwedzera uye nhamba yekuvhura inokwana kuwana lateral resolution ye 1.1 µm.Fluorescent mifananidzo yehistological quality yakawanikwa panguva yenguva colonoscopy yeyakajairika colonic mucosa, tubular adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, ulcerative colitis, uye Crohn's colitis.Masero ega anogona kuzivikanwa, anosanganisira colonocytes, goblet masero, uye masero anopisa.Mucosal maficha akadai se crypt zvimiro, crypt cavities, uye lamina propria inogona kusiyaniswa.Iyo chaiyo Hardware ndeye micro-machine kuti ive nechokwadi kurongeka kwakanyatso kurongeka kwemunhu optical uye mechanical zvikamu mukati meiyo 2.4mm dhayamita x 10mm kureba chiridzwa.Iyo optical dhizaini inoderedza kureba kweiyo rigid distal tip zvakakwana kubvumidza yakananga nzira kuburikidza neyakajairwa saizi (3.2 mm dhayamita) inoshanda chiteshi mune zvekurapa endoscopes.Nokudaro, pasinei nemugadziri, chigadzirwa chacho chinogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya navanachiremba panzvimbo yekugara.Kunakidzwa kwakaitwa pa λex = 488 nm kufadza fluorescein, dhayi yakatenderwa neFDA, kuwana musiyano wakanyanya.Chiridzwa chacho chakadzokororwa pasina matambudziko e18 cycles uchishandisa nzira dzekiriniki dzakagamuchirwa dzesterilization.
Mamwe maviri magadzirirwo ezviridzwa akasimbiswa nekiriniki.Cellvizio (Mauna Kea Technologies) iprobe-based confocal laser endoscope (pCLE) inoshandisa bundle remultimode coherent fiber optic cables kuunganidza uye kutumira mifananidzo yefluorescence1.Girazi re galvo riri pa base station rinoita lateral scan kumagumo ekupedzisira.Zvikamu zveOptical zvinounganidzwa mune yakachinjika (XY) ndege ine hudzamu hwe0 kusvika 70 µm.Microprobe kits anowanikwa kubva 0.91 (19 G tsono) kusvika 5 mm mudhayamita.A lateral resolution ye1 kusvika 3.5 µm yakawanikwa.Mifananidzo yakaunganidzwa pachiyero che9 kusvika ku12 Hz ine imwe-dimensional munda wekuona kubva pa240 kusvika 600 µm.Iyi puratifomu yakashandiswa kukiriniki munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzinosanganisira bile duct, dundira, colon, esophagus, mapapu, uye pancreas.Optiscan Pty Ltd yakagadzira endoscope-based confocal laser endoscope (eCLE) ine injini yekuvheneka yakavakwa muchubhu yekuisa (distal end) yenyanzvi endoscope (EC-3870K, Pentax Precision Instruments) 17.Chikamu chemaziso chakaitwa uchishandisa imwe-mode fiber, uye kutarisisa kweparutivi kwakaitwa uchishandisa cantilever michina kuburikidza neresonant tuning forogo.A Shape Memory Alloy (Nitinol) actuator inoshandiswa kugadzira axial displacement.Iyo yakazara dhayamita ye confocal module ndeye 5 mm.Pakutarisisa, GRIN lenzi ine manhamba aperture NA = 0.6 inoshandiswa.Mifananidzo yakachinjika yakawanikwa ine lateral uye axial resolution ye0.7 uye 7 µm, zvichiteerana, pachiyero che0.8-1.6 Hz uye munda wekuona we500 µm × 500 µm.
Isu tinoratidza subcellular resolution in vivo fluorescence imaging acquisition kubva mumuviri wemunhu kuburikidza nekurapa endoscope tichishandisa distal end MEMS scanner.Fluorescence inopa musiyano wepamusoro wemufananidzo, uye ligands inosunga kune sero pamusoro pezvinangwa zvinogona kunyorwa nefluorophores kuti ipe molecular identity yekuvandudzwa kwechirwere chekuongorora18.Dzimwe nzira dzekuona dzemu vivo microendoscopy dziri kuvandudzwawo. OCT inoshandisa hurefu hupfupi hwekubatana kubva pabroadband light source kuunganidza mifananidzo mundege yakatwasuka ine hudzamu> 1 mm19. OCT inoshandisa hurefu hupfupi hwekubatana kubva pabroadband light source kuunganidza mifananidzo mundege yakatwasuka ine hudzamu> 1 mm19. ОКТ использует короткую длину когерентности широкополосного источника света для сбора изображений в вертикальной плоскости с 19 >. OCT inoshandisa hurefu hupfupi hwekubatana kwebroadband light source kuwana mifananidzo mundege yakatwasuka ine > 1 mm kudzika19. OCT 使用宽带光源的短相干长度來收集垂直平面中深度> 1 mm19 的图像.1 mm19 的图像. ОКТ использует короткую длину когерентности широкополосного источника света для сбора изображений на глубине >1 мном19 вькополосного. OCT inoshandisa hurefu hupfupi hwekubatana kwebroadband light source kuwana mifananidzo> 1 mm19 mundege yakatwasuka.Nekudaro, iyi yakaderera-musiyano nzira inotsamira pakumashure kwakapararira kuunganidzwa kwechiedza uye kugadzirisa kwemufananidzo kunogumira nespekle artifacts.Photoacoustic endoscopy inogadzira mu vivo mifananidzo yakavakirwa nekukurumidza thermoelastic kuwedzera mumatishu mushure mekunyudzwa kwelaser pulse inogadzira mafungu eruzha20. Iyi nzira yakaratidza kudzika kwekufungidzira> 1 cm mucolon yemunhu mu vivo kutarisa kurapwa. Iyi nzira yakaratidza kudzika kwekufungidzira> 1 cm mucolon yemunhu mu vivo kutarisa kurapwa. Этот подход продемонстрировал глубину визуализации > 1 см в толстой кишке человека in vivo для мониторинга терапии. Iyi nzira yakaratidza kudzika kwekufungidzira kwe> 1 cm mucolon yemunhu mu vivo yekutarisisa kurapwa.這种方法已经证明在体内人结肠中成像深度> 1 厘米以监测治疗.這种方法已经证明在体内人结肠中成像深度> 1 Этот подход был продемонстрирован на глубине изображения > 1 см в толстой кишке человека in vivo для мониторинга терапии. Iyi nzira yakaratidzwa pakadzika yekufungidzira> 1 cm mucolon yemunhu mu vivo kutarisa kurapwa.Musiyano wacho unonyanya kugadzirwa ne hemoglobin muvasculature.Multiphoton endoscopy inogadzira yakakwirira-yakasiyana fluorescence mifananidzo kana maviri kana anopfuura maNIR mafotoni akarova mabiomolecules panguva imwe chete21. Iyi nzira inogona kuwana kudzika kwekufungidzira> 1 mm ine yakaderera phototoxicity. Iyi nzira inogona kuwana kudzika kwekufungidzira> 1 mm ine yakaderera phototoxicity. Этот подход может обеспечить глубину изображения > 1 мм с низкой фототоксичностью. Iyi nzira inogona kupa mufananidzo kudzika> 1 mm ine yakaderera phototoxicity.這种方法可以实现>1 毫米的成像深度，光毒性低.這种方法可以实现>1 毫米的成像深度，光毒性低. Этот подход может обеспечить глубину изображения > 1 мм с низкой фототоксичностью. Iyi nzira inogona kupa mufananidzo kudzika> 1 mm ine yakaderera phototoxicity.High intensity femtosecond laser pulses inodiwa uye nzira iyi haina kuratidzwa nekiriniki panguva ye endoscopy.
Mune iyi prototype, scanner inoita chete lateral deflection, saka chikamu chemaziso chiri mundege yakachinjika (XY).Mudziyo unokwanisa kushanda pamwero wepamusoro furemu (20 Hz) kupfuura magirazi egirazi (12 Hz) muCellvizio system.Wedzera furemu chiyero kuti uderedze mafambiro ekugadzira uye kuderedza chiyero chefuremu kuti ukwidze chiratidzo.Yepamusoro-kumhanya uye otomatiki algorithms inodiwa kudzikamisa hombe inofamba zvinhu zvinokonzerwa ne endoscopic motion, kufema kufamba, uye intestinal motility.Parametric resonant scanners yakaratidzwa kuwana axial displacements inodarika mazana emamicrons22. Mifananidzo inogona kuunganidzwa mu vertical plane (XZ), perpendicular to the mucosal surface, kuti ipe maonero akafanana neaya ehistology (H & E). Mifananidzo inogona kuunganidzwa mu vertical plane (XZ), perpendicular to the mucosal surface, kuti ipe maonero akafanana neaya ehistology (H & E). Изображения могут быть получены в вертикальной плоскости (XZ), перпендикулярной поверхности слизистой облочки, чтобы обенизе, чтобы обескости гистологии (H&E). Mifananidzo inogona kutorwa mundege yakatwasuka (XZ) perpendicular to the mucosal surface kuti ipe mufananidzo mumwechete semuhistology (H&E).可以在垂直于粘膜表面的垂直平面(XZ) 中收集图像，以提供与组织学(H&E) 相同的视图.可以在垂直于粘膜表面的垂直平面(XZ) 中收集图像，以提供与组织学(H&E) Изображения могут быть получены в вертикальной плоскости (XZ), перпендикулярной поверхности слизистой облочки, чтобы обенизе, чтобы обескости гистологическом исследовании (H&E). Mifananidzo inogona kutorwa mundege yakatwasuka (XZ) perpendicular kune mucosal surface kuti ipe mufananidzo wakafanana seye histological examination (H&E).Iyo scanner inogona kuiswa munzvimbo yemashure-yechinangwa apo danda rekuvhenekera rinowira pamwe neiyo huru yekuona axis kuderedza kunzwa kune aberration8.Anenge diffraction-ane mashoma ekutarisa mavhoriyamu anogona kutsauka pamusoro penzvimbo dzakakura dzemaonero.Random access scanning inogona kuitwa kutsausa zviratidziri kune zvakatsanangurwa nemushandisi zvinzvimbo9.Munda wekuona unogona kuderedzwa kuratidza zvinopokana nzvimbo dzemufananidzo, kuvandudza chiratidzo-kune-ruzha chiyero, musiyano, uye furemu chiyero.Mascanner anogona kugadzirwa-akawanda uchishandisa akareruka maitiro.Mazana emidziyo anogona kugadzirwa pane yega silicon wafer kuti awedzere kugadzirwa kwemutengo wakaderera misa kugadzirwa uye kugovera kwakakura.
Iyo yakapetwa mwenje nzira inoderedza saizi yeyakaomarara distal tip, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa endoscope sechinhu chinowanikwa panguva yecolonoscopy.Mumifananidzo yefluorescent inoratidzwa, subcellular features of the mucosa inogona kuonekwa kusiyanisa tubular adenomas (precancerous) kubva kune hyperplastic polyps (benign).Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti endoscopy inogona kuderedza huwandu hweasina kufanira biopsies23.Matambudziko akazara anoenderana nekuvhiyiwa anogona kuderedzwa, nguva dzekutarisa dzinogona kugadziridzwa, uye histological kuongororwa kwezvironda zvidiki zvinogona kuderedzwa.Isu tinoratidzawo mu vivo mifananidzo yevarwere vane kuzvimba bowel chirwere, kusanganisira ulcerative colitis (UC) uye Crohn's colitis.Yakajairika chena mwenje colonoscopy inopa macroscopic maonero emucosal pamusoro ane mashoma kugona kunyatso ongorora mucosal kurapwa.Endoscopy inogona kushandiswa mu vivo kuongorora kushanda kwemishonga yebhayoloji senge anti-TNF24 antibodies.Kunyatsoongorora mu vivo kunogonawo kuderedza kana kudzivirira kudzoka kwechirwere uye matambudziko akadai sekuvhiyiwa nekuvandudza hupenyu.Hapana kukanganisa kwakakomba kwakataurwa muzvidzidzo zvekiriniki zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwefluorescein-ine endoscopes mu vivo25. Simba relaser pamusoro pemucosal pamusoro rakaganhurirwa ku<2 mW kuderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwekupisa uye kusangana nezvinodiwa neFDA kune isina-yakakosha njodzi26 pa21 CFR 812. Simba relaser pamusoro pemucosal pamusoro raive rakaganhurirwa ku <2 mW kuderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwekupisa uye kusangana nezvinodiwa neFDA kune isina-yakakosha njodzi26 pa21 CFR 812. Мощность лазера на поверхности слизистой оболочки была ограничена до <2 мВт, чтобы свести к минимуму риск термического поврежденият FDA совастоватьения и говорить ее но незначительного риска26 согласно 21 CFR 812. Simba relaser pamucosal pamusoro rakaganhurirwa ku <2 mW kudzikisa njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwemafuta uye kusangana neFDA zvinodiwa panjodzi isingaite26 pasi pe21 CFR 812.粘膜表面的激光功率限制在<2 mW，以最大限度地降低热损伤风险，并满足FDA 21 CFR 812 阿靎靎 风门粘膜表面的激光功率限制在<2 mW Мощность лазера на поверхности слизистой оболочки была ограничена до <2 мВт, чтобы свести к минимуму риск термического поврежденият1бения и FDA 2 относительно незначительного риска26. Simba relaser pamucosal pamusoro rakaganhurirwa ku<2 mW kudzikisa njodzi yekukuvadzwa nekupisa uye kusangana neFDA 21 CFR 812 zvinodiwa panjodzi isingaite26.
Dhizaini yechiridzwa inogona kugadziridzwa kuti ivandudze chimiro chemufananidzo.Special optics inowanikwa kudzikisa spherical aberration, kugadzirisa mufananidzo uye kuwedzera chinhambwe chekushanda.Iyo SIL inogona kugadzirwa kuti ienderane zvirinani nerefractive index yetishu (~ 1.4) kuvandudza mwenje kubatanidza.Iyo dhiraivha frequency inogona kugadziridzwa kuti iwedzere lateral angle ye scanner uye kuwedzera iyo mufananidzo munda wekuona.Iwe unogona kushandisa otomatiki nzira kubvisa mafuremu emufananidzo ane yakakosha kufamba kudzikamisa izvi.Iyo munda-inorongwa gedhi array (FPGA) ine high-speed data kutora ichashandiswa kupa yakakwirira-yekuita chaiyo-nguva yakazara-furemu kururamisa.Kuti uwedzere kushanda kwekiriniki, otomatiki nzira dzinofanirwa kugadzirisa chikamu chekuchinja uye mafambiro ekugadzira ekududzira kweiyo-nguva yemifananidzo.A monolithic 3-axis parametric resonant scanner inogona kushandiswa kuunza axial scanning 22. Midziyo iyi yakagadziridzwa kuti iwane kusimuka kusati kwamboitika> 400 µm nekugadzirisa frequency yedhiraivha muhutongi inoratidzira yakasanganiswa kupfava/kuomesa simba27. Midziyo iyi yakagadziridzwa kuti iwane kusimuka kusati kwamboitika> 400 µm nekugadzirisa frequency yedhiraivha muhutongi inoratidzira yakasanganiswa kupfava/kuomesa simba27. Эти устройства были разработаны для достижения беспрецедентного вертикального смещения > 400 мкм путем настройки частоты возбраке возбражение уется смешанной динамикой смягчения/жесткости27. Midziyo iyi yakagadzirwa kuti iwane kusimuka kusati kwamboitika kwe> 400 µm nekuisa frequency yedhiraivha mune modhi inotaridzwa neyakavhenganiswa yakapfava / yakaoma dynamics27.這些許备的开发是為了通過在具有混合软化/硬化动力学的状态下调整驱动频率來实现的 有一个现美的时候动频率來实现。移27.這些 許备 的开发是為了在 具有 混合 软化 硬化 学 状态下 调整 驱动 0 驱动 0垂直 位移 27. Эти устройства были разработаны для достижения беспрецедентных вертикальных смещений >400 мкм путем настройки частототыва смещений й размягчения/затвердевания27. Zvishandiso izvi zvakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa zvisati zvamboitika zvekusimuka> 400 µm nekugadzirisa iyo inokonzeresa frequency mune yakasanganiswa kupfava / kuomesa kinetics mode27.Mune ramangwana, kufungidzira kwakatwasuka kunogona kubatsira mukutanga kenza (T1a).A capacitive sensing circuit inogona kushandiswa kutevera scanner kufamba uye kugadzirisa chikamu chekuchinja 28.Otomatiki chikamu calibration uchishandisa sensor wedunhu inogona kutsiva bhuku rekushandisa calibration isati yashandiswa.Kuvimbika kwechiridzwa kunogona kuvandudzwa nekushandisa nzira dzakavimbika dzekuisa chisimbiso chemidziyo kuwedzera huwandu hwekutenderera kutenderera.Tekinoroji yeMEMS inovimbisa kukurumidza kushandiswa kwe endoscopes yekuona epithelium yenhengo dzisina mhango, kuongorora chirwere, uye kutarisa kurapwa nenzira isinganyanyi kupindira.Nekumwe budiriro, iyi miitiro mitsva yekufungidzira inogona kuve mhinduro ine mutengo wakaderera kuti ishandiswe seanopindirana kune endoscopes yekurapa yekukurumidza kuongorora histological uye inogona kutsiva yechinyakare pathological kuongororwa.
Ray tracing simulations yakaitwa uchishandisa ZEMAX optical dhizaini software (vhezheni 2013) kuona maparamita eanotarisisa optics.Madhizaini ekugadzira anosanganisira pedyo-diffractive axial resolution, kushanda chinhambwe = 0 µm, uye ndima yekuona (FOV) yakakura kupfuura 250 × 250 µm2.Nokuda kwekunakidzwa pawavelength λex = 488 nm, imwe-mode fiber (SMF) yakashandiswa.Achromatic doublets inoshandiswa kuderedza kusiyana kwekuunganidza fluorescence (Mufananidzo 5a).Danda rinopfuura nepakati peSMF ine modhi yemunda dhayamita ye3.5 μm uye isina truncation inopfuura nepakati peiyo reflector ine aperture dhayamita ye50 μm.Shandisa yakaomesesa kunyudzwa (hemispherical) lens ine yakakwira refractive index (n = 2.03) kuderedza chiitiko danda spherical aberration uye kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwakazara ne mucosal pamusoro.Kutarisa optics kunopa yakazara NA = 0.41, apo NA = nsinα, n ndiyo indekisi yerefractive yetishu, α ndiyo yakanyanya danda convergence angle.Diffraction-limited lateral uye axial resolutions ndeye 0.44 uye 6.65 µm, zvichiteerana, vachishandisa NA = 0.41, λ = 488 nm, uye n = 1.3313.Chete lens inotengeswa neyokunze dhayamita (OD) ≤ 2 mm yaifungidzirwa.Nzira yemaziso inopetwa, uye danda rinosiya SMF rinopfuura nepakati pepakati pe scanner uye rinoratidzwa kumashure negirazi rakagadziriswa (0.29 mm muhupamhi).Iyi gadziriso inopfupisa kureba kweiyo yakaomesesa distal end kuti ifambise mberi kwekuenda endoscope kuburikidza nechiyero (3.2 mm dhayamita) inoshanda nzira yekurapa endoscopes.Iyi ficha inoita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa sechinhu chekuwedzera panguva yenguva endoscopy.
Yakapetwa mwenje gidhi uye endoscope kurongedza.(a) Danda remanyawi rinobuda muOBC uye richipfuura nepaburi repakati pe scanner.Danda rinokwidziridzwa uye rinoratidzwa kubva kune yakagadzika denderedzwa girazi kudzoka mu scanner ye lateral deflection.Iwo anotarisisa optics ane peya yeachromatic doublet lenzi uye yakasimba kunyudza (hemispherical) lens inopa kusangana neiyo mucosal pamusoro.ZEMAX 2013 (https://www.zemax.com/) yekugadzirwa kwemaziso uye ray tracing simulation.(b) Inoratidza nzvimbo yeakasiyana emidziyo yemidziyo, kusanganisira imwe modhi fiber (SMF), scanner, magirazi, uye lenzi.Solidworks 2016 (https://www.solidworks.com/) yakashandiswa 3D modelling ye endoscope packaging.
SMF (#460HP, Thorlabs) ine mode field dhayamita ye3.5 µm pakureba kwe488 nm yakashandiswa se "gomba" rekusefa kwenzvimbo yechiedza chisina kujeka (Fig. 5b).Iwo maSMF akavharirwa mumachubhu anochinjika epolymer (#Pebax 72D, Nordson MEDICAL).Hurefu hunosvika mamita mana hunoshandiswa kuve nechokwadi chinhambwe chakakwana pakati pemurwere nehurongwa hwekufungidzira.Peya ye2 mm MgF2 yakavharwa achromatic doublet lenses (#65568, #65567, Edmund Optics) uye 2 mm isina kuvharwa hemispherical lens (#90858, Edmund Optics) yakashandiswa kutarisa danda uye kuunganidza fluorescence.Isai simbi isina tsvina yekuperera chubhu (4 mm kureba, 2.0 mm OD, 1.6 mm ID) pakati peresin nechubhu yekunze kuti iparadzanise scanner vibration.Shandisa zvinonamira zvekurapa kuchengetedza chiridzwa kubva kumvura yemuviri uye maitiro ekubata.Shandisa kupisa shrink tubing kuchengetedza majoini.
Iyo compact scanner inogadzirwa pamusimboti weparametric resonance.Etch a 50 µm aperture pakati pechiratidziro kuti utumire danda rekunakidzwa.Uchishandisa seti ye quadrature comb-inotyairwa madhiraivha, danda rakawedzerwa rinotenderedzwa rakachinjika munzira ye orthogonal (XY ndege) muLissajous modhi.Bhodhi rekutora data (#DAQ PCI-6115, NI) rakashandiswa kugadzira masaini eanalog kudzora scanner.Simba rakapihwa ne high voltage amplifier (#PDm200, PiezoDrive) kuburikidza newaya dzakatetepa (#B4421241, MWS Wire Industries).Ita wiring pane electrode armature.Iyo scanner inoshanda pama frequency ari padyo ne15 kHz (fast axis) uye 4 kHz (slow axis) kuwana FOV kusvika 250 µm × 250 µm.Vhidhiyo inogona kupfurwa pachiyero chegumi, 16, kana 20 Hz.Aya mafuremu mareti anoshandiswa kuenzanisa mwero wekudzokorora weLissajous scan pateni, zvinoenderana nekukosha kweiyo X uye Y yekunakidzwa mafrequency e scanner29.Ruzivo rwekutengeserana pakati peforemu chiyero, pixel resolution, uye scan pattern density inoratidzwa mubasa redu rekare14.
A solid state laser (#OBIS 488 LS, coherent) inopa λex = 488 nm kufadza fluorescein yekusiyanisa mufananidzo (Fig. 6a).Optical pigtails yakabatanidzwa kune filter unit kuburikidza ne FC / APC connectors (kurasikirwa 1.82 dB) (Fig. 6b).Iyo danda inodzoserwa ne dichroic mirror (#WDM-12P-111-488/500:600, Oz Optics) muSMF kuburikidza neimwe FC/APC yekubatanidza.Zvinoenderana ne21 CFR 812, simba rechiitiko kumatishu rinogumira kusvika pa2 mW kuti isangane neFDA zvinodiwa panjodzi isingaite.Fluorescence yakapfuudzwa nemuchionioni dichroic uye refu yekufambisa sefa (#BLP01-488R, Semrock).Fluorescence yakaendeswa kune photomultiplier chubhu (PMT) detector (#H7422-40, Hamamatsu) kuburikidza neFC/PC connector uchishandisa ~ 1 m kureba multimode fiber ine 50 µm core diameter.Fluorescent masiginecha akakwidziridzwa nekumhanya kwazvino amplifier (#59-179, Edmund Optics).Special software (LabVIEW 2021, NI) yakagadziridzwa yechokwadi-nguva yekutora data uye kugadzirisa mifananidzo.Iyo laser simba uye PMT kuwana marongero anotemwa neiyo microcontroller (#Arduino UNO, Arduino) uchishandisa yakakosha yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi.Iyo SMF nemawaya zvinogumira muzvibatanidza uye zvinobatanidza kune fiber optic (F) uye wired (W) ports pane base station (Mufananidzo 6c).Iyo imaging system iri pane inotakurika ngoro (Mufananidzo 6d). Iyo yekuzviparadzanisa transformer yakashandiswa kudzikamisa iyo leakage ikozvino kusvika <500 μA. Iyo yekuzviparadzanisa transformer yakashandiswa kudzikamisa iyo leakage ikozvino kusvika <500 μA. Для ограничения тока утечки до <500 мкА использовался изолирующий трансформатор. Iyo yekuzviparadzanisa transformer yakashandiswa kudzikamisa iyo leakage ikozvino kusvika <500 µA.使用隔离变压器将泄漏电流限制在<500 μA. <500 μA. Используйте изолирующий трансформатор, чтобы ограничить ток утечки до <500 мкА. Shandisa yekuzviparadzanisa transformer kudzikamisa iyo leakage ikozvino kusvika <500µA.
kuona system.(a) Iyo PMT, laser uye amplifier zviri mu base chiteshi.(b) Mubhangi resefa, laser (yebhuruu) iri kutyaira pamusoro pefiber optic tambo kuburikidza neFC/APC yekubatanidza.Iyo danda inodzoserwa ne dichroic girazi (DM) kuita imwechete mode fiber (SMF) kuburikidza neyechipiri FC / APC yekubatanidza.Fluorescence (girinhi) inofamba neDM uye refu pass sefa (LPF) kuenda kuPMT kuburikidza nemultimode fiber (MMF).(c) Iyo yekupedzisira yekupedzisira ye endoscope yakabatana kune iyo fiber optic (F) uye waya (W) madoko eiyo base chiteshi.(d) Endoscope, yekutarisa, base station, komputa, uye yekuzviparadzanisa transformer pane inotakurika ngoro.(a, c) Solidworks 2016 yakashandiswa 3D modelling ye imaging system uye endoscope zvikamu.
Kugadziriswa kwemashure uye axial kweanotarisisa optics akayerwa kubva padanho rekupararira basa refluorescent microspheres (#F8803, Thermo Fisher Scientific) 0.1 µm mudhayamita.Unganidza mifananidzo nekushandura ma microspheres akachinjika uye akatwasuka mumatanho 1 µm uchishandisa nhanho yemutsara (# M-562-XYZ, DM-13, Newport).Image stack uchishandisa ImageJ2 kuwana muchinjika-chikamu mifananidzo yemamicrospheres.
Special software (LabVIEW 2021, NI) yakagadziridzwa yechokwadi-nguva yekutora data uye kugadzirisa mifananidzo.Pamusoro pemuonde.7 inoratidza mhedziso yemaitiro anoshandiswa kushandisa sisitimu.Iyo mushandisi interface ine yekutora data (DAQ), main panel uye controller panel.Iyo dhata yekuunganidza dhata inodyidzana neiyo main panel kuunganidza uye kuchengeta mbishi data, kupa yekuisa kune yakasarudzika data yekuunganidza marongero, uye kugadzirisa scanner madhiraivha.Iyo huru pani inobvumira mushandisi kusarudza inodiwa gadziriso yekushandisa endoscope, kusanganisira iyo scanner control siginecha, vhidhiyo furemu chiyero, uye yekutora paramita.Iyi pani inobvumirawo mushandisi kuratidza uye kutonga kupenya uye musiyano wemufananidzo.Uchishandisa iyo mbishi data sekuisa, iyo algorithm inoverengera yakaringana kuwana kuisirwa kwePMT uye inogadzirisa otomatiki iyi parameter uchishandisa proportional-integral (PI) 16 mhinduro yekudzora system.Iyo controller bhodhi inodyidzana nebhodhi huru uye bhodhi yekutora data kudzora laser simba uye PMT kuwana.
System software architecture.Iyo mushandisi interface ine ma modules (1) data acquisition (DAQ), (2) main panel uye (3) controller panel.Zvirongwa izvi zvinomhanya panguva imwe chete uye zvinotaurirana kuburikidza nemitsara yemeseji.Kiyi ndeye MEMS: Microelectromechanical System, TDMS: Technical Data Control Flow, PI: Proportional Integral, PMT: Photomultiplier.Mafaira emifananidzo uye vhidhiyo anochengetwa muBMP uye AVI mafomati, zvichiteerana.
Chikamu chekugadzirisa algorithm chinoshandiswa kuverenga kupararira kwepixel intensities pazvikamu zvakasiyana siyana kuti uone kukosha kwakanyanya kunoshandiswa kurodza mufananidzo.Kugadzirisa-nguva chaiyo, chikamu chekuongorora chikamu ± 2.86 ° ine nhanho yakakura ye0.286 ° kuderedza nguva yekuverenga.Pamusoro pezvo, kushandisa zvikamu zvemufananidzo nemasamples mashoma kunoderedza nguva yekuverengera mufananidzo kubva pa7.5 seconds (1 Msample) kusvika 1.88 seconds (250 Ksample) pa10 Hz.Aya maparamendi ekuisa akasarudzwa kuti ape akaringana emhando yemifananidzo ine mashoma latency panguva yekufungidzira kwe vivo.Mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo anorekodhwa muBMP uye AVI mafomati, zvichiteerana.Iyo mbishi data inochengetwa muTechnical Data Management Flow Format (TMDS).
Post-processing of in vivo images for quality improvement neLabVIEW 2021. Kururama kunogumira kana uchishandisa phase correction algorithms panguva in vivo imaging nekuda kwenguva yakareba computation inodiwa.Nzvimbo dzemifananidzo chete uye nhamba dzemuenzaniso dzinoshandiswa.Pamusoro pezvo, iyo algorithm haishande zvakanaka kumifananidzo ine mafambiro ekugadzira kana yakaderera musiyano uye inotungamira kuchikamu chekuverenga kukanganisa30.Mafuremu ega ega ane musiyano wepamusoro uye pasina zvigadziriso zvekufamba zvakasarudzwa nemaoko kuti zvigadziriswe zvakanaka nechikamu che scanner che ± 0.75 ° mumatanho 0.01 °.Nzvimbo yese yemufananidzo yakashandiswa (semuenzaniso, 1 Msample yemufananidzo wakarekodhwa pa10 Hz).Tafura S2 inodonongodza ma paramita emufananidzo anoshandiswa kune chaiyo-nguva uye post-kugadzirisa.Mushure mekugadzirisa kwechikamu, sefa yepakati inoshandiswa kuwedzera kudzikisa ruzha rwemufananidzo.Kupenya uye kusiyanisa kunowedzera kuvandudzwa nehistogram kutambanudza uye gamma kugadzirisa31.
Miedzo yekiriniki yakatenderwa neMichigan Medical Institutions Ongororo Board uye yakaitwa muDhipatimendi reMedical Procedures.Ichi chidzidzo chakanyoreswa online neClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03220711, zuva rekunyoresa: 07/18/2017).Maitiro ekubatanidza aisanganisira varwere (vane makore gumi nemasere kusvika kumakore zana) vane colonoscopy yakarongwa kare, njodzi yakawedzera yegomarara remukati, uye nhoroondo yechirwere chebowel.Mvumo ine ruzivo yakawanikwa kubva kune yega yega yakabvuma kutora chikamu.Maitiro ekusarudzika vaive varwere vaive nepamuviri, vaive ne hypersensitivity kune fluorescein, kana kuti vairapwa inoshanda chemotherapy kana radiation therapy.Ichi chidzidzo chaisanganisira varwere vakatevedzana vakarongerwa routine colonoscopy uye yaive mumiriri weMichigan Medical Center huwandu.Chidzidzo chacho chakaitwa maererano neDeclaration of Helsinki.
Usati wavhiyiwa, gadzirisa endoscope uchishandisa 10 µm fluorescent beads (#F8836, Thermo Fisher Scientific) akaiswa musilicone molds.A translucent silicone sealant (#RTV108, Momentive) yakadirwa mu3D yakadhindwa 8 cm3 plastiki mold.Donhedza mvura yefluorescent mabhedhi pamusoro pesilicone uye siya kusvikira mvura yepakati yaoma.
Iyo colon yese yakaongororwa pachishandiswa chiyero chekurapa colonoscope (Olympus, CF-HQ190L) ine mwenje chena.Mushure mekunge endoscopist yaona nzvimbo yechirwere chinonzi chirwere, nzvimbo yacho inogezwa ne5-10 ml ye5% acetic acid, uyezve nemvura isina utachiona kubvisa mucus nemarara.A 5 ml dose ye 5 mg/ml fluorescein (Alcon, Fluorescite) akaiswa jekiseni netsinga kana kupfapfaidzwa pamusoro pemucosa pachishandiswa cannula yakajairwa (M00530860, Boston Scientific) iyo yakapfuura nemugero rekushanda.
Shandisa chinodiridza kuti ubvise dhayi yakawandisa kana marara kubva mucosal pamusoro.Bvisa iyo nebulizing catheter uye pfuura endoscope kuburikidza neanoshanda chiteshi kuti uwane ante-mortem mifananidzo.Shandisa yakafara-munda endoscopic kutungamira kuti uise iyo distal tip munzvimbo yakanangwa. Nguva yese yakashandiswa kuunganidza mifananidzo yakasangana yaive <10 min. Nguva yese yakashandiswa kuunganidza mifananidzo yakasangana yaive <10 min. Общее время, затраченное на сбор конфокальных изображений, составило <10 мин. Yese nguva yakatorwa kuunganidza mifananidzo yakasangana yaive <10 min.Yese yekutora nguva yemifananidzo ye confocal yaive isingasviki maminetsi gumi.Endoscopic chena mwenje vhidhiyo yakagadziriswa uchishandisa iyo Olympus EVIS EXERA III (CLV-190) imaging system uye yakarekodha uchishandisa Elgato HD vhidhiyo rekodhi.Shandisa LabVIEW 2021 kurekodha uye kuchengetedza endoscopy mavhidhiyo.Mushure mekufungidzira kwapera, endoscope inobviswa uye matishu kuti aonekwe anobviswa uchishandisa biopsy forceps kana musungo. Matishu akagadziridzwa routine histology (H&E), uye akaongororwa nenyanzvi GI pathologist (HDA). Matishu akagadziridzwa routine histology (H&E), uye akaongororwa nenyanzvi GI pathologist (HDA). Ткани были обработаны для обычной гистологии (H&E) и оценены экспертом-патологом желудочно-кишечного тракта (HDA). Matishu akagadziridzwa kuitira routine histology (H&E) uye akaongororwa nenyanzvi gastrointestinal pathologist (HDA).对组织进行常规组织学(H&E) 处理，并由专家GI 病理学家(HDA) 进评估.对组织进行常规组织学(H&E) 处理，并由专家GI 病理学家(HDA) 进评估. Ткани были обработаны для обычной гистологии (H&E) и оценены экспертом-патологом желудочно-кишечного тракта (HDA). Matishu akagadziridzwa kuitira routine histology (H&E) uye akaongororwa nenyanzvi gastrointestinal pathologist (HDA).Iyo spectral zvimiro zvefluorescein zvakasimbiswa uchishandisa spectrometer (USB2000+, Ocean Optics) sezvakaratidzwa muFigure S2.
Endoscopes inogadziriswa mushure mekushandiswa kwega kwega nevanhu (Fig. 8).Maitiro ekuchenesa akaitwa pasi pekutungamirwa uye kubvumidzwa kweDhipatimendi reKutapukira uye Epidemiology yeMichigan Medical Center uye Central Sterile Processing Unit. Chidzidzo ichi chisati chaitwa, zviridzwa zvacho zvakaedzwa uye zvakatenderwa kuomeswa neAdvanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), sangano rekutengesa rinopa kudzivirira kutapukira uye sterilization yekusimbisa masevhisi. Chidzidzo ichi chisati chaitwa, zviridzwa zvacho zvakaedzwa uye zvakatenderwa kuomeswa neAdvanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), sangano rekutengesa rinopa kudzivirira kutapukira uye sterilization yekusimbisa masevhisi. Перед исследованием инструменты были протестированы и одобрены для стерилизации компанией Advanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), коммерческой ордуга, и по профилактике инфекций и проверке стерилизации. Asati adzidza, zviridzwa zvakaedzwa uye kubvumidzwa kuvharirwa neAdvanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), sangano rekutengesa rinopa kudzivirira kutapukira uye sterilization verification services. Перед исследованием инструменты были стерилизованы и проверены Advanced Sterilization Zvigadzirwa (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), коммерческой организацией, которая предостакестанская предостаке предоставские й и проверке стерилизации. Zviridzwa zvakavharwa uye zvakaongororwa zvisati zvadzidzwa neAdvanced Sterilization Products (ASP, Johnson & Johnson), sangano rekutengesa rinopa kudzivirira kutapukira uye masevhisi ekuongorora hutachiona.
Tool recycling.(a) Endoscopes anoiswa mumatireyi mushure mekuita sterilization uchishandisa iyo STERRAD yekugadzirisa maitiro.(b) Iyo SMF nemawaya zvinogumiswa nefiber optic uye magetsi ekubatanidza, zvichiteerana, ayo anovharwa asati agadziriswa.
Chenesa endoscopes nekuita zvinotevera: (1) pukuta endoscope nemucheka usina lint wakanyoroveswa mune enzymatic cleaner kubva proximal kusvika distal;(2) Nyura chiridzwa mune enzymatic detergent solution kwemaminitsi matatu nemvura.jira risina lint.Magetsi uye fiber optic zvibatanidza zvakavharwa uye zvinobviswa kubva pane mhinduro;(3) Iyo endoscope inoputirwa uye inoiswa mumudziyo wetiyi kuti iite sterilization uchishandisa STERRAD 100NX, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.tembiricha yakaderera uye yakaderera humidity nharaunda.
Iwo madhata akashandiswa uye/kana akaongororwa muchidzidzo chazvino anowanikwa kubva kuvanyori vakasiyana pakukumbira zvine musoro.
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