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Masiraidhi anoratidza zvinyorwa zvitatu pane siraidhi.Shandisa mabhatani ekumashure neanotevera kufamba nemumasiraidhi, kana mabhatani ekudzora masiraidhi ari kumagumo kuti ufambe nemumasiraidhi ega ega.
Zvichangobva kuratidzwa kuti kushandiswa kweiyo ultrasound kunogona kuvandudza goho renyama mu ultrasound-inosimudzira yakanaka tsono aspiration biopsy (USeFNAB) zvichienzaniswa neyakajairika tsono aspiration biopsy (FNAB).Hukama pakati pebevel geometry uye tsono tip chiito hachisati chaongororwa.Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora zvimiro zvetsono resonance uye deflection amplitude yeakasiyana tsono bevel geometries ane akasiyana bevel kureba.Uchishandisa lancet yakajairika ine 3.9 mm yakachekwa, iyo tip deflection power factor (DPR) yaive 220 uye 105 µm/W mumhepo nemvura, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvakakwirira kupfuura axisymmetric 4mm bevel tip, iyo yakawana DPR ye180 uye 80 µm/W mumhepo nemvura, zvichiteerana.Ichi chidzidzo chinosimbisa kukosha kwehukama pakati pekukotama kuomarara kwebevel geometry mumamiriro ezviyamuro zvekuisa zvakasiyana, uye nekudaro zvinogona kupa nzwisiso yenzira dzekudzora chiito chekucheka mushure mekubaya nekushandura tsono bevel geometry, iyo yakakosha kuUSeFNAB.Zvishandiso zvine basa.
Fine tsono aspiration biopsy (FNAB) inzira inoshandiswa netsono kuwana sampuli yetishu kana pane abnormality ichifungidzirwa1,2,3.Mazano emhando yeFranseen akaratidzwa kupa maitiro epamusoro ekuongororwa kupfuura echinyakare Lancet4 uye Menghini5 matipi.Axisymmetric (kureva circumferential) bevels akakurudzirwawo kuwedzera mukana wemuenzaniso wakakwana we histopathology6.
Panguva yebiopsy, tsono inopfuudzwa nepakati peganda uye matishu kuratidza fungidziro yezvirwere.Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti ultrasonic activation inogona kuderedza puncture simba rinodiwa kuti uwane zvinyoro zvinyoro7,8,9,10.Needle bevel geometry yakaratidzwa kuti inokanganisa masimba ekubatanidza tsono, semuenzaniso mabheji akareba akaratidzwa kuva nemasimba mashoma ekupinza 11.Zvave zvichinzi mushure mekunge tsono yapinda mukati mematishu, kureva mushure mekuputika, simba rekucheka retsono rinogona kuva 75% yehuwandu hwekubatana kwetsono-tishu12.Ultrasound (US) yakaratidzwa kuvandudza mhando yekuongorora yakapfava tishu biopsy mune post-puncture phase13.Dzimwe nzira dzekuvandudza bhonzo biopsy mhando dzakagadzirwa kune dzakaoma tishu sampling14,15 asi hapana mhedzisiro yakataurwa inovandudza biopsy kunaka.Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzakawanawo kuti mechanical displacement inowedzera nekuwedzera ultrasound drive voltage16,17,18.Kunyangwe paine zvakawanda zvidzidzo zveaxial (longitudinal) static masimba mukudyidzana kwetsono-tishu19,20, zvidzidzo pamusoro peiyo temporal dynamics uye tsono bevel geometry mu ultrasonic yakagadziridzwa FNAB (USeFNAB) ishoma.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora mabatiro eakasiyana bevel geometries pane tsono tip chiito chinofambiswa nekupenya kwetsono pa ultrasonic frequencies.Kunyanya, isu takaongorora mabatiro ejekiseni repakati pane tsono yepidi deflection mushure mekubaya kweakajairwa tsono bevel (semuenzaniso, lancets), axisymmetric uye asymmetric single bevel geometries (Fig. kufambisa kusimudzira kweUSeFNAB tsono nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana sekusarudza kusveta kuwana kana kuti soft tissue nuclei.
Akasiyana-siyana mabevel geometri akaiswa muchidzidzo ichi.(a) Lancets inoenderana neISO 7864:201636 apo \(\ alpha\) ndiyo yekutanga bevel angle, \(\theta\) ndiyo yechipiri bevel rotation angle, uye \(\phi\) ndiyo yechipiri bevel rotation Angle mu madhigirii , mumadhigirii (\(^\circ\)).(b) linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (inonzi "standard" muDIN 13097:201937) uye (c) linear axisymmetric (circumferential) single step chamfers.
Maitiro edu ndeekutanga kuenzanisira shanduko mukukotama kwewavelength pamwe nemateru kune yakajairwa lancet, axisymmetric, uye asymmetric imwe-nhanho inotsvedza geometries.Isu takazoverengera chidzidzo cheparametric kuti tiongorore mhedzisiro yebevel angle uye hurefu hwechubhu pane yekufambisa michina yekufambisa.Izvi zvinoitwa kuti uone hurefu hwakakwana hwekugadzira prototype tsono.Zvichienderana nekuenzanisa, tsono prototypes dzakagadzirwa uye hunhu hwavo hwekuita mumhepo, mvura, uye 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatin yakayedzerwa nekuyera iyo voltage reflection coefficient uye kuverenga simba rekufambisa kushanda zvakanaka, kubva kwaibva frequency yekushanda. kutsunga..Pakupedzisira, kufungidzira kwepamusoro-soro kunoshandiswa kuyera zvakananga kutsauka kwevheji yekukotama pamucheto wetsono mumhepo nemumvura, uye kufungidzira simba remagetsi rinofambiswa nega rega rega uye deflection power factor (DPR) geometry yeiyo jekiseni. pakati.
Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2a, shandisa Nhamba 21 pombi (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm pombi rusvingo ukobvu, mureza rusvingo sezvinotsanangurwa ISO 9626: 201621) yakagadzirwa 316 Stainless simbi ( Young's modulus 205).\(\text {GN/m}^{2}\), density 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), reshiyo yePoisson 0.275).
Kutsunga kwekukotama wavelength uye kugadzirisa kweiyo inogumira chinhu modhi (FEM) yetsono uye muganhu mamiriro.(a) Kutemerwa kwebevel kureba (BL) uye pombi kureba (TL).(b) Matatu-dimensional (3D) finite element modhi (FEM) uchishandisa harmonic point force \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) kunakidza tsono kumagumo, kutsausa poindi, uye kuyera velocity. pamuromo (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) kuverenga mafambisirwo ezvifambiso zvemakanika.\(\lambda _y\) inotsanangurwa sewavelength yekukotama yakabatana nesimba rakamira \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Sarudza pakati pesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, mhiri-chikamu nzvimbo A, uye nguva dze inertia \(I_{xx}\) uye \(I_{yy}\) yakatenderedza x-akisi uye y-axis zvichiteerana.
Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.2b,c, yedanda risingaperi (risingagumi) rine mhiri-sectional nzvimbo A uye pakureba kwakakura zvichienzaniswa nehukuru hwechikamu chemuchinjiko wedanda, kukotama (kana kukotama) nhanho yenhanho \(c_{EI}\ ) inotsanangurwa se22:
apo E is Young's modulus (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) ndiyo inosimudzira angular frequency (rad/s), apo \( f_0 \ ) ndiyo mutsara wemutsetse (1/s kana Hz), ini inguva ye inertia yenzvimbo yakatenderedza axis yekufarira \((\text {m}^{4})\) uye \(m'=\ rho _0 A \) uremu pahurefu hwechikamu (kg/m), apo \(\rho _0\) pane density \((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) uye A ndiye muchinjikwa -chikamu chechikamu chedanda (xy ndege) (\ (\ zvinyorwa {m}^{2}\)).Sezvo kwatiri isu simba rinoshandiswa richienderana neyakamira y-axis, kureva \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), isu tinongofarira nguva ye inertia yenzvimbo yakatenderedza yakachinjika x- axis, kureva \(I_{xx} \), Ndosaka:
Kune inogumira element modhi (FEM), yakachena harmonic displacement (m) inofungidzirwa, saka kukwidziridza (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) inoratidzwa se \(\ partial ^2 \vec {u}/ \ chikamu t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), semuenzaniso \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y \ vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) inzvimbo ine mativi matatu-dimensional displacement vector inotsanangurwa mune spatial coordinates.Kutsiva iyo yekupedzisira neyakaremara yeLagrangian fomu yeiyo momentum balance law23, zvinoenderana nekuita kwayo muCOMSOL Multiphysics software package (shanduro 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), inopa:
Iko \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\ partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \ partial }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) ndiye tensor divergence opareta, uye \({\ underline{\sigma}}\) ndiyo yechipiri Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (yechipiri kurongeka, \(\ zvinyorwa {N /m}^{2}\)), uye \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) ndiro vhekita yesimba remuviri (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) yevhoriyamu yega yega inoremara, uye \(e^{j\phi}\) ndicho chikamu che simba remuviri, rine chikamu chekona \(\ phi\) (rad).Kwatiri, vhoriyamu simba remuviri i zero, uye modhi yedu inotora mutsara wejometri uye madiki akarembera deformations, kureva \({\ underline{\ varepsilon}} ^ {el} = {\ underline{\ varepsilon}}\ ), apo \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}}^{el}\) uye \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}\) - elastic deformation uye total deformation (dimensionless of the second order), maererano.Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\ underline {\ underline {C))\) inowanikwa uchishandisa Young's modulus E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) uye Poisson's ratio v inotsanangurwa, kuti \ (\ underline{\ underline{C}}:=\ underline{\ underline{C}}(E,v)\) (mutsetse wechina).Saka kuverenga kwekushushikana kunova \({\ underline{\sigma}} := \ underline{\ underline{C}}:{\ underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Iko kuverenga kwakaitwa negumi-node tetrahedral zvinhu zvine saizi yechinhu \(\ le\) 8 µm.Tsono inofananidzwa muvacuum, uye iyo mechanic mobility transfer value (ms-1 H-1) inotsanangurwa se \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j} || F} _y\vec {j }\) isimba rinotyaira rakaoma riri pamucheto wechubhu, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2b.Transmissive mechanical mobility inoratidzwa mumadecibels (dB) uchishandisa kukosha kwepamusoro sereferensi, kureva \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), Zvidzidzo zvose zveFEM zvakaitwa pahuwandu hwe29.75 kHz.
Dhizaini yetsono (Fig. 3) ine yakajairika 21 gauge hypodermic tsono (katalogi nhamba: 4665643, Sterican \ (^\ circledR \), ine dhayamita yekunze ye 0.8 mm, kureba kwe120 mm, yakagadzirwa neAISI. chromium-nickel Stainless steel 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) akaisa purasitiki Luer Lock sleeve yakagadzirwa nepolypropylene proximal ine inopindirana tip modification.Iyo tsono chubhu inotengeswa kune waveguide sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3b.Iyo waveguide yakadhindwa paStainless simbi 3D printer (EOS Stainless Steel 316L paEOS M 290 3D printer, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) uye yakazonamirwa kuLangevin sensor uchishandisa M4 mabhaudhi.Langevin transducer ine 8 piezoelectric mhete zvinhu zvine huremu huviri kumagumo ega ega.
Iwo mana emhando dzematipi (pamufananidzo), inotengeswa lancet (L), uye matatu akagadzirwa axisymmetric single-stage bevels (AX1-3) airatidzwa nebevel kureba (BL) ye4, 1.2, uye 0.5 mm, zvichiteerana.(a) Kuvhara-kupedzwa kwetsono muromo.(b) Maonero epamusoro emapini mana akatengeswa kune 3D yakadhindwa waveguide ndokuzobatana neLangevin sensor ine M4 mabhaudhi.
Matatu axisymmetric bevel matipi (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) akagadzirwa nebevel kureba (BL, yakatemwa muFig. 2a) ye4.0, 1.2 uye 0.5 mm, inoenderana \(\ approx\) 2\ (^\ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) uye 18\(^\circ\).The waveguide nestylus huremu 3.4 ± 0.017 g (kureva ± SD, n = 4) yebevel L neAX1–3, zvakateerana (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Dhizaini 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).Kureba kwese kubva kumuromo wetsono kusvika kumagumo epurasitiki sleeve ndeye 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm ye bevel L uye AX1-3 muFigure 3b, zvichiteerana.
Kune ese magadzirirwo etsono, kureba kubva kumuromo wetsono kusvika kumuromo wewaveguide (kureva, nzvimbo yekutengesa) i4.3 cm, uye tsono chubhu inotariswa kuti bevel rakatarisana kumusoro (kureva, parallel kune Y axis. )), sezvazviri (Mufananidzo 2).
Chinyorwa chetsika muMATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) chinoshanda pakombuta (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) chakashandiswa kugadzira mutsara we sinusoidal sweep kubva pa25 kusvika 35 kHz mumasekonzi manomwe, inoshandurwa kuita chiratidzo cheanalogi neshanduro yedhijitari-ku-analogi (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Chiratidzo cheanalog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) chakabva chawedzerwa neredhiyo yakatsaurirwa frequency (RF) amplifier (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Iyo inodonha inokwirisa voltage \({V_I}\) inobuda kubva kuRF amplifier ine inobuda impedance ye50 \(\Omega\) kune transformer yakavakirwa mukati metsono chimiro ine impedance yekupinza ye50 \(\Omega)\) Langevin transducer (kumberi nekumashure multilayer piezoelectric transducers, akaremerwa nehukuru) anoshandiswa kugadzira masaisai emuchina.Iyo tsika yeRF amplifier ine mbiri-channel yakamira wave simba factor (SWR) mita inokwanisa kuona chiitiko \({V_I}\) uye inoratidzwa amplified voltage \(V_R\) kuburikidza ne300 kHz analog-to-digital (AD. ) converter (Analog Discovery 2).Chiratidzo chekusimudzira ndeye amplitude yakagadziridzwa pakutanga uye kumagumo kudzivirira kuwandisa iyo amplifier yekupinda neinotenderera.
Uchishandisa chinyorwa chetsika chakaiswa muMATLAB, iyo frequency mhinduro basa (AFC), kureva inotora mutsara wakamira sisitimu.Zvakare, isa 20 kusvika 40 kHz bhendi pass sefa kuti ubvise chero ma frequency asingadiwe kubva pachiratidzo.Tichireva nezve theory yenzira yekufambisa, \(\tilde{H}(f)\) pakadai inofanana nevolti reflection coefficient, kureva \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Sezvo iyo impedance yakabuda yeamplifier \(Z_0\) inopindirana nekudzivirira kwekupinza kweshanduro yakavakirwa-mukati yekushandura, uye kuenzanisa kwekuenzanisa kwesimba remagetsi \({P_R}/{P_I}\) yakaderedzwa kusvika \ ({V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ), kozoti \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Muchiitiko apo kukosha kwakakwana kwesimba remagetsi kunodiwa, verenga chiitiko \(P_I\) uye yakaratidza \ (P_R\) simba (W) nekutora midzi inoreva square (rms) kukosha kwemhepo inoenderana, somuenzaniso, yetambo yekufambisa ine sinusoidal excitation, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, apo \(Z_0\) yakaenzana ne50 \(\Omega\).Simba remagetsi rinounzwa kumutoro \(P_T\) (kureva svikiro rakaiswa) rinogona kuverengwa se \(|P_I - P_R |\) (W RMS) uye simba rekufambisa simba (PTE) rinogona kutsanangurwa uye kuratidzwa se muzana (%) saka inopa 27:
Mhinduro yefrequency inozoshandiswa kufungidzira ma modal frequencies \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) echinyoreso dhizaini uye inofambirana nekufambisa simba kwesimba, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) inofungidzirwa zvakananga kubva \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), kubva paTafura 1 ma frequency \(f_{1-3}\) anotsanangurwa mu.
Nzira yekuyera iyo frequency mhinduro (AFC) yeacicular chimiro.Dual-channel swept-sine measurement25,38 inoshandiswa kuwana frequency remhinduro basa \(\tilde{H}(f)\) uye mhinduro yaro yekufungidzira H(t).\({\ mathcal {F}}\) uye \({\ mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) anoratidza nhamba yakadimburwa yefourier shanduko uye inverse shandurudzo oparesheni, zvichiteerana.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) zvinoreva kuti masaini maviri anowedzerwa mu frequency domain, semuenzaniso \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) zvinoreva inverse scan\(\tilde{X} r( f )\) uye chiratidzo chekudonha kwemagetsi \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.5, high-speed kamera (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) ine macro lens (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\ nguva\), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japan) yakashandiswa kunyora kutsauka kwetsono yetsono pasi pe flexural excitation (kamwe kamwe, sinusoid inopfuurira) pane imwe nguva ye27.5-30 kHz.Kugadzira mepu yemumvuri, chinhu chakatonhorera cheyakanyanya kusimba chena LED (chikamu nhamba: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) yakaiswa kuseri kwebevel retsono.
Kutarisa kumberi kwechiedzo setup.Hudzamu hunopimwa kubva pane zvenhau.Chimiro chetsono chinosungirirwa uye chakaiswa patafura yekufambisa mota.Shandisa inomhanya kamera ine yakakwirira magnification lens (5\(\nguva\)) kuyera kutsauka kweiyo beveled tip.Zviyero zvese zviri mumamilimita.
Pamhando yega yega yetsono bevel, takarekodha mazana matatu ekumhanya-mhanya kamera mafuremu e128 \(\x\) 128 pixels, imwe neimwe ine spatial resolution ye1/180 mm (\(\ approx) 5 µm), ine chigadziriso chenguva zve 310,000 mafuremu pasekondi.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 6, furemu yega yega (1) inochekwa (2) kuitira kuti muromo uri mumutsara wekupedzisira (pasi) wefuremu, uyezve histogram yemufananidzo (3) inoverengerwa, saka Canny zvikumbaridzo 1 uye 2 inogona kutsanangurwa.Wobva waisa Canny28(4) kupinza kwemupendero uchishandisa Sobel opareta 3 \(\nguva\) 3 uye uverenge nzvimbo yepixel yeiyo isiri-cavitational hypotenuse (yakanyorwa \(\mathbf {\nguva }\)) kune ese mazana matatu nhanho. .Kuti uone kureba kwekutsauswa kumagumo, chinobvamo chinoverengerwa (uchishandisa mutsauko wepakati algorithm) (6) uye furemu ine iyo yemuno extrema (kureva peak) yekutsauka (7) inoonekwa.Mushure mekutarisa nekuona iyo isiri-cavitating mupendero, peya yemafuremu (kana maviri mafuremu akapatsanurwa nehafu yenguva) (7) akasarudzwa uye muromo wekupokana wakayerwa (wakanyorwa \(\ mathbf {\ nguva} \ ) Izvo zviri pamusoro zvakaiswa. muPython (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) uchishandisa OpenCV Canny edge discovery algorithm (v4.5.1, open source computer vision library, opencv.org) simba remagetsi \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
Kutsauswa kwemazano kwakayerwa pachishandiswa nhevedzano yemafuremu akatorwa kubva kukhamera inomhanya-mhanya pa310 kHz pachishandiswa 7-nhanho algorithm (1-7) inosanganisira framing (1-2), Canny edge kuona (3-4), pixel location edge. kuverenga (5) uye nguva yadzo kubva (6), uye pakupedzisira peak-to-peak tip deflection yakayerwa pamapeya akatariswa nemaziso emafuremu (7).
Zviyero zvakatorwa mumhepo (22.4-22.9 ° C), mvura yakasvibiswa (20.8-21.5 ° C) uye ballistic gelatin 10% (w / v) (19.7-23.0 ° C, \ (\ zvinyorwa {Honeywell} ^ {\text { TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) Bovine nePork Bone Gelatin yeType I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Kupisa kwakayerwa neK-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) uye K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Kubva pakati Kudzama kwakayerwa kubva pamusoro (kuiswa sekwakabva z-axis) pachishandiswa vertical motorized z-axis stage (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) ine resolution ye5 µm.padanho.
Sezvo saizi yemuenzaniso yaive diki (n = 5) uye zvakajairika zvaisagona kufungidzirwa, maviri-sample maviri ane tailed Wilcoxon rank sum test (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) yakashandiswa. kuenzanisa kuwanda kwekusiyana kwetsono tipi yemabhebhu akasiyana.Paive ne3 kuenzanisa pamateru, saka kururamisa kweBonferroni kwakashandiswa neakagadziridzwa kukosha kweyero ye0.017 uye kukanganisa kwe5%.
Ngatiendei kuFig.7.Panguva yakawanda ye29.75 kHz, kukotama hafu-wave (\(\ lambda_y/2\)) ye 21-gauge tsono iri \(\ inenge) 8 mm.Sezvo munhu achiswedera kumuromo, kukotama kwewavelength kunoderera pamwe neoblique angle.Pamuromo \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\inenge\) pane nhanho dze3, 1 uye 7 mm dzeyakajairwa lanceolate (a), asymmetric (b) uye axisymmetric (c) kurerekera kwetsono imwe chete. , zvichiteerana.Saka, izvi zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwe lancet \ (\ inenge) 5 mm (nekuda kwekuti ndege mbiri dze lancet dzinoumba imwe pfungwa29,30), iyo asymmetric bevel ndeye 7 mm, iyo asymmetric bevel ndeye 1. mm.Axisymmetric slopes (pakati pesimba regiravhiti rinoramba riripo, saka chete pombi madziro ukobvu hunochinja pamwe chete nemateru).
FEM zvidzidzo uye kushandiswa kweequation pane frequency ye29.75 kHz.(1) Paunenge uchiverenga shanduko yekupeta hafu-wave (\(\lambda_y/2\)) yelancet (a), asymmetric (b) uye axisymmetric (c) bevel geometries (semumufananidzo 1a,b,c ) .Avhareji kukosha \(\ lambda_y/2\) ye lancet, asymmetric, uye axisymmetric bevels yaive 5.65, 5.17, uye 7.52 mm, zvichiteerana.Ziva kuti ukobvu hwetipi hweasymmetric uye axisymmetric bevel inogumira ku \(\ approx) 50 µm.
Peak mobility \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) ndiyo yakakwana musanganiswa wechubhu kureba (TL) uye bevel kureba (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Kune yakajairika lancet, sezvo hukuru hwayo hwakagadziriswa, iyo yakakwana TL iri \ (\ inenge) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Kune asymmetric uye axisymmetric bevels (Fig. 9a, b, zvichiteerana), zvidzidzo zveFEM zvaisanganisira BL kubva ku1 kusvika ku7 mm, saka iyo yakakwana TL yaive kubva ku26.9 kusvika 28.7 mm (renji 1.8 mm) uye kubva 27.9 kusvika 29 .2 mm (range 1.3 mm), zvichiteerana.Nokuti asymmetric slope (Fig. 9a), iyo optimal TL yakawedzera linearly, yakasvika pabani pa BL 4 mm, uye yakazonyanya kuderera kubva kuBL 5 kusvika ku7 mm.Kune axisymmetric bevel (Fig. 9b), iyo yakakwana TL yakawedzera mutsara nekuwedzera BL uye pakupedzisira yakagadzikana paBL kubva 6 kusvika 7 mm.Ongororo yakawedzerwa yeaxisymmetric tilt (Fig. 9c) yakaratidza imwe seti yakasiyana ye optimal TLs pa \(\ approx) 35.1–37.1 mm.Kune ese maBL, chinhambwe chiri pakati pemaTL maviri akanakisa \(\ approx\) 8mm (yakaenzana \(\lambda_y/2\)).
Lancet kutapurirana kufamba pa29.75 kHz.Tsono yacho yaifara zvishoma nezvishoma pahuwandu hwe29.75 kHz uye kudengenyeka kwakayerwa pamucheto wetsono uye yakaratidzwa sehuwandu hwekufambisa kwemagetsi ekufambisa (dB maererano nehuwandu hunokosha) yeTL 26.5-29.5 mm (mu 0.1 mm increments). .
Zvidzidzo zveParametric zveFEM pane imwe nguva ye 29.75 kHz zvinoratidza kuti kufambisa kwekufambisa kweaxisymmetric tip haina kunyanya kukanganiswa nekuchinja kwehurefu hwechubhu pane imwe yayo asymmetric.Kureba kweBevel (BL) uye kureba kwepombi (TL) zvidzidzo zveasymmetric (a) uye axisymmetric (b, c) bevel geometries mufrequency domain study uchishandisa FEM (muganhu mamiriro anoratidzwa muFig. 2).(a, b) TL yakabva pa26.5 kusvika 29.5 mm (0.1 mm nhanho) uye BL 1-7 mm (0.5 mm nhanho).(c) Zvidzidzo zvakawedzera axisymmetric tilt zvinosanganisira TL 25–40 mm (mu 0.05 mm increments) uye BL 0.1–7 mm (mu 0.1 mm increments) zvichiratidza kuti \(\ lambda_y/2\ ) inofanira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa netip.kufamba muganhu mamiriro.
Kugadziriswa kwetsono kune matatu eigenfrequencies \ (f_{1-3}\) yakakamurwa kuva nzvimbo dzakaderera, dzepakati uye dzakakwirira sezvinoratidzwa muTebhu 1. PTE saizi yakanyorwa sezvakaratidzwa mufig.10 zvozoongororwa muFig. 11. Pazasi pane zvakawanikwa zvenzvimbo yega yega modal:
Typical rekodha instantaneous simba rekufambisa kushanda zvakanaka (PTE) amplitudes anowanikwa nekutsvaira-frequency sinusoidal excitation ye lancet (L) uye axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 mumhepo, mvura uye gelatin pakadzika 20 mm.One-sided spectra inoratidzwa.Iyo yakayerwa frequency mhinduro (sampled pa300 kHz) yaive yakaderera-pass yakasefa uye yakazodzikiswa nechikamu che200 yekuongorora modal.Chiratidzo-ku-ruzha reshiyo \(\le\) 45 dB.PTE zvikamu (mitsetse yepepuru ine doti) inoratidzwa mumadhigirii (\(^{\circ}\)).
The modal response analysis (zvinoreva ± standard deviation, n = 5) inoratidzwa muFig. 10, yemateru L uye AX1-3, mumhepo, mvura uye 10% gelatin (yakadzika 20 mm), ine (pamusoro) nzvimbo nhatu dzemodal. yakaderera, yepakati nepamusoro) uye inoenderana modal frequencies\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (avhareji) simba rekushandisa \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) Yakaverengwa uchishandisa zvakaenzana .(4) uye (pasi) hupamhi hwakazara pahafu yepamusoro yezviyero \(\text {FWHM}_{1{1{-}3}\) (Hz), zvichiteerana.Ziva kuti kuyerwa kwebandwidth kwakadarikwa pakanyoreswa PTE yakaderera, kureva \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) kana iri AX2 slope.Iyo \(f_2\) mode yakawanikwa kuti ndiyo yakanyanya kufanira kuenzanisa kutsauswa kwemateru, sezvo yairatidza danho repamusoro rekufambiswa kwesimba (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), kusvika pa99%.
Yekutanga modal dunhu: \(f_1\) haitsamire zvakanyanya pamhando yepakati yakaiswa, asi zvinoenderana nejiometry yenzvimbo.\(f_1\) inodzikira nekudzikira kwebevel kureba (27.1, 26.2 uye 25.9 kHz mumhepo yeAX1-3, zvichiteerana).Avhareji yedunhu \(\mavara {PTE}_{1}\) uye \(\mavara {FWHM}_{1}\) ari \(\ approx\) 81% ne230 Hz zvichiteerana.\(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) ine gelatin yepamusoro-soro muLancet (L, 473 Hz).Ziva kuti \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 mugelatin yatadza kuongororwa nekuda kweiyo FRF yakarekodhwa amplitude.
Yechipiri modal dunhu: \(f_2\) zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemidhiya yakaiswa uye bevel.Avhareji tsika \(f_2\) i29.1, 27.9 uye 28.5 kHz mumhepo, mvura uye gelatin, zvichiteerana.Iyi modal dunhu yakaratidzawo yakakwira PTE ye99%, iyo yepamusoro-soro yeboka ripi neripi rakayerwa, ine avhareji yedunhu ye84%.\(\text {FWHM}_{2}\) ine avhareji yedunhu \(\inenge\) 910 Hz.
Yetatu modhi dunhu: frequency \(f_3\) zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemedia uye bevel.Avhareji \(f_3\) kukosha ndeye 32.0, 31.0 uye 31.3 kHz mumhepo, mvura uye gelatin, zvichiteerana.Iyo \(\ zvinyorwa {PTE}_{3}\) avhareji yedunhu yaive \(\inenge\) 74%, yakaderera pane chero dunhu.Avhareji yedunhu \(\text {FWHM}_{3}\) \(\inenge\) 1085 Hz, iri pamusoro penzvimbo yekutanga neyechipiri.
       Izvi zvinotevera zvinoreva Fig.12 uye Tafura 2. The lancet (L) yakatsauka zvakanyanya (nekukosha kwepamusoro kune mazano ose, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumhepo uye mumvura (Fig. 12a), kuwana DPR yepamusoro (kusvika ku220 µm / W mumhepo). 12 uye Tafura 2. The lancet (L) yakatsauka zvakanyanya (nekukosha kwepamusoro kune mazano ose, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumhepo uye mumvura (Fig. 12a), kuwana DPR yepamusoro (kusvika ku220 µm / W mumhepo). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2 воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Izvi zvinotevera zvinoshanda kuMufananidzo 12 uye Tafura 2. Lancet (L) yakatsauka zvakanyanya (nekukosha kwepamusoro kune mazano ose, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumhepo uye mvura (Fig. 12a), kubudirira kwepamusoro DPR.(kusvika 220 μm/W mumhepo).Smt.Mufananidzo 12 uye Tafura 2 pazasi.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着性，\(p<\) 0.017（图端具（图端具，高达220 µm/W)柳叶刀(L) ine kutsauka kwakanyanya mumhepo nemvura (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), uye yakawana iyo yepamusoro DPR (kusvika 220 µm/W mukati mhepo). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (риадо 12), D 20 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) yakatsauka zvakanyanya (yakakwirira kukosha kune ese mazano, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumhepo nemvura (Fig. 12a), inosvika pakakwirira DPR (kusvika ku220 µm / W mumhepo). Mumhepo, AX1 yaive neBL yakakwira, yakatsauka kupfuura AX2–3 (ine kukosha, \(p<\) 0.017), ukuwo AX3 (yaive neBl yakaderera) yakatsauka kupfuura AX2 neDPR ye190 µm/W. Mumhepo, AX1 yaive neBL yakakwira, yakatsauka kupfuura AX2–3 (ine kukosha, \(p<\) 0.017), ukuwo AX3 (yaive neBl yakaderera) yakatsauka kupfuura AX2 neDPR ye190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самлон , AX3) X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Mumhepo, AX1 ine BL yakakwirira yakatsauka kupfuura AX2–3 (ine kukosha \(p<\) 0.017), nepo AX3 (ine yakaderera BL) yakatsauka kupfuura AX2 neDPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性). 190 µm/W . Mumhepo, kutsauka kweAX1 ine BL yepamusoro kwakakwira kupfuura iyo yeAX2-3 (zvakakosha, \(p<\) 0.017), uye kutsauka kweAX3 (ine yakaderera BL) yakakura kupfuura iyo yeAX2, DPR i190. µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым больше) 2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Mumhepo, AX1 ine BL yakakwira inotsausa kupfuura AX2-3 (yakakosha, \(p<\) 0.017), nepo AX3 (ine yakaderera BL) inokanganisa kupfuura AX2 neDPR 190 μm/W.Pamvura ye20 mm, kutsauka uye PTE AX1-3 yakanga isina kunyanya kusiyana (\(p>\) 0.017).Nhamba dzePTE mumvura (90.2-98.4%) dzaive dzakakwirira kudarika mumhepo (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), uye chiitiko che cavitation chakaonekwa panguva yekuedza mumvura (Fig. 13, onawo kuwedzera ruzivo).
Huwandu hwekupokana kwetip (kureva ± SD, n = 5) kuyerwa kwebevel L uye AX1-3 mumhepo nemvura (kudzika 20 mm) inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuchinja bevel geometry.Izvo zviyero zvakawanikwa zvichishandiswa kuenderera mberi single frequency sinusoidal excitation.(a) Peak to peak deviation (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) pamuromo, yakayerwa pa (b) iwo ma modal frequencies \(f_2\).(c) Simba rekufambisa simba (PTE, RMS, %) ye equation.(4) uye (d) Deflection power factor (DPR, µm/W) yakaverengerwa sekutsauka kwepamusoro-soro-kusvika-pamusoro uye simba remagetsi rinofambiswa \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Yakajairwa yakakwirira-kumhanya kamera mumvuri chiratidziro chinoratidza peak-to-peak kutsauka (girinhi uye tsvuku ine mitsara ine madota) ye lancet (L) uye axisymmetric tip (AX1–3) mumvura (20 mm kudzika) pamusoro pehafu kutenderera.kutenderera, panguva yekukurudzira frequency \ (f_2\) (sampling frequency 310 kHz).Mufananidzo wakatorwa wegreyscale une saizi ye128×128 pixels uye saizi yepixel ye \(\ approx\) 5 µm.Vhidhiyo inogona kuwanikwa mune rumwe ruzivo.
Nokudaro, isu takafananidzira kuchinja kwekukotama kwewavelength (Fig. 7) uye takaverenga kuchinjika kwemichina yekufamba kune misanganiswa yepombi kureba uye chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) kune yakajairika lancet, asymmetric uye axisymmetric chamfers ejometri maumbirwo.Kubva pane yekupedzisira, takafungidzira kureba kwakaringana kwe43 mm (kana \ (\ inenge) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y\) pa 29.75 kHz) kubva kumucheto kuenda kune weld, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 5, uye takagadzira Three axisymmetric. mabhero ane hurefu hwakasiyana hwebevel.Isu takabva taratidza maitiro avo akawandisa mumhepo, mvura, uye 10% (w/v) ballistic gelatin kana ichienzaniswa neyakajairwa lancets (Figure 10, 11) uye takasarudza iyo modhi yakanyatsokodzera bevel deflection kuenzanisa.Pakupedzisira, takayera kutsauswa kwetip nekukotamisa mafungu mumhepo uye mumvura pakadzika kwe20 mm uye tikaenzanisa simba rekufambisa simba (PTE, %) uye deflection power factor (DPR, µm/W) yepakati yekuisa yebevel yega yega.angular mhando (Fig. 12).
Tsono bevel geometry yakaratidza kukanganisa huwandu hwetsono tip deflection.Iyo lancet yakawana kutsauka kwepamusoro uye yakanyanya DPR kana ichienzaniswa neaxisymmetric bevel ine yakaderera avhareji deflection (Fig. 12).Iyo 4 mm axisymmetric bevel (AX1) ine bevel rakareba kwazvo yakawana kutenderera kwakakosha mumhepo zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe axisymmetric tsono (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), Tafura 2), asi pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha. .inocherechedzwa kana tsono yaiswa mumvura.Nekudaro, hapana mukana uri pachena wekuva nehurefu hwebevel maererano nekurebesa kwepamusoro pamuromo.Uine izvi mupfungwa, zvinoita sekunge bevel geometry yakadzidzwa muchidzidzo ichi ine mhedzisiro yakakura pakutsauka pane kureba kwebevel.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuomarara kwekukotama, semuenzaniso zvichienderana nehupamhi hwese hwezvinhu zviri kubhenda uye dhizaini yetsono.
Muzvidzidzo zvekuedza, ukuru hweinoratidzwa flexural wave inobatwa nemiganhu yemuganhu wetip.Kana tsono yetsono yaiswa mumvura negelatin, \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) iri \(\ approximately\) 95%, uye \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) iri \ (\chinyorwa {PTE}_{ 2}\) kukosha i73% uye 77% ye (\text {PTE}_{1}\) uye \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), maererano (Fig. 11).Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kukwidziridzwa kweacoustic simba kune yekukanda svikiro, kureva mvura kana gelatin, inoitika pa \(f_2\).Maitiro akafanana akaonekwa muchidzidzo chekare31 uchishandisa gadziriso yakapusa mu41-43 kHz frequency renji, umo vanyori vakaratidza kutsamira kweiyo voltage reflection coefficient pane mechanical modulus ye embedding medium.Iyo yekupinda yakadzika32 uye ma mechanic zvimiro zvetishu zvinopa mekiniki mutoro patsono uye nekudaro zvinotarisirwa kupesvedzera hunhu hweUZEFNAB.Saka, resonance tracking algorithms (semuenzaniso 17, 18, 33) inogona kushandiswa kukwidziridza iyo acoustic simba rinounzwa kuburikidza netsono.
Simulation pakukotama wavelengths (Fig. 7) inoratidza kuti axisymmetric tip yakanyatso kuomarara (kureva, yakanyanya kuomarara mukukotama) kupfuura lancet uye asymmetric bevel.Zvichienderana ne(1) uye nekushandisa iyo inozivikanwa velocity-frequency relation, tinofungidzira kukotama kwekukotama pamuromo wetsono se \(\ about\) 200, 20 uye 1500 MPa ye lancet, asymmetric uye axial inorerekera ndege, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvinoenderana \(\ lambda_y\) ye \ (\ inenge\) 5.3, 1.7, uye 14.2 mm, maererano, pa 29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a–c).Tichifunga nezvekuchengetedzwa kwekiriniki panguva yeUSeFNAB, mhedzisiro yejometri pane kuomarara kwechimiro chendege yakarerekera kunofanirwa kuongororwa34.
Chidzidzo chezviyero zvebevel zvinoenderana nehurefu hwechubhu (Fig. 9) yakaratidza kuti iyo yakakwana yekufambisa siyana yaive yakakwirira kune asymmetric bevel (1.8 mm) kupfuura yeaxisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Mukuwedzera, kufamba kwakagadzikana pa \ (\ inenge) kubva ku4 kusvika ku4.5 mm uye kubva ku6 kusvika ku7 mm kune asymmetric uye axisymmetric tilts, maererano (Fig. 9a, b).Kukosha kunoshanda kwekuwanikwa uku kunoratidzwa mukugadzira kushivirira, semuenzaniso, yakaderera huwandu hweyakakwana TL inogona kureva kuti kureba kwakakura kunodiwa.Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo yekufamba inopa kushivirira kukuru kwekusarudza kureba kwedhipi pane yakapihwa frequency pasina kukanganisa kwakakosha pakufamba.
Chidzidzo chacho chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinogumira.Kuyera kwakananga kwetsono kutsauswa uchishandisa kumucheto kwekuona uye kukurumidza-kumhanya kufungidzira (Mufananidzo 12) zvinoreva kuti isu tinongogumira kune midhiya inoonekera semhepo nemvura.Tinodawo kutaura kuti isu hatina kushandisa zviedzo kuti tiedze kufananidzwa kwekufambisa kwekufambisa uye zvakasiyana, asi takashandisa zvidzidzo zveFEM kuti tione hurefu hwakakwana hwekugadzira tsono.Nezvekugumira kunoshanda, kureba kwe lancet kubva kumuromo kusvika kune sleeve ndeye 0.4 cm kureba kupfuura dzimwe tsono (AX1-3), ona fig.3b.Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa mhinduro ye modal yekugadzirwa kwetsono.Mukuwedzera, chimiro uye vhoriyamu ye solder pakupera kwepini waveguide (ona Mufananidzo 3) inogona kukanganisa mechanical impedance yepini dhizaini, kuunza zvikanganiso mumagetsi impedance uye kukotama maitiro.
Chekupedzisira, isu takaratidza kuti yekuyedza bevel geometry inokanganisa huwandu hwekutsauka muUSeFNAB.Kana kutsauka kwakakura kungave nemhedzisiro yakanaka pamhedzisiro yetsono pamatishu, sekucheka kushanda zvakanaka mushure mekuboora, saka yakajairika lancet inogona kukurudzirwa muUSeFNAB sezvo ichipa yakanyanya kutsauka ichiramba yakaomesesa kuomarara kwechimiro chechimiro..Uyezve, ongororo ichangoburwa35 yakaratidza kuti kutsauka kukuru kwetipi kunogona kuwedzera biological mhedzisiro senge cavitation, iyo inogona kubatsira mukuvandudza mashoma invasive ekuvhiya.Tichifunga kuti kuwedzera kwese acoustic simba kwakaratidzwa kuwedzera biopsy goho muUSeFNAB13, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvehuwandu hwegoho remuenzaniso uye mhando inodiwa kuti uongorore yakadzama yekiriniki mabhenefiti eiyo yakadzidziswa tsono geometry.