Nzira itsva yekuongorora inoburitsa mifananidzo ine ruzivo rwakakura inogona kushandura chidzidzo chemuviri wemunhu.
Paul Taforo paakaona mifananidzo yake yekutanga yekuyedza yeCCIDID-19 vakakuvara, akafunga kuti akundikana.Nyanzvi ye paleontologist nekudzidziswa, Taforo akapedza mwedzi achishanda nezvikwata muEurope yose kushandura twunhanho twekumhanyisa muFrench Alps kuva maturusi ekuvheneka ekurapa.
Paive pakupera kwaChivabvu 2020, uye masayendisiti aida kwazvo kunzwisisa kuti COVID-19 inoparadza sei nhengo dzevanhu.Taforo akapiwa basa rekugadzira nzira yaigona kushandisa maX-rays ane simba guru anogadzirwa neEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) muGrenoble, France.Semusayendisiti weESRF, akasundira miganhu ye-high-resolution x-ray yematombo ematombo uye akaomeswa mummies.Iye zvino akanga ava kutya nekupfava, kunamira kwemapepa matauro.
Mifananidzo yakavaratidza zvakadzama kupfuura chero yekurapa CT scan yavakange vamboona, ichivabvumira kukunda mikaha yakasindimara mumafungidziro nemanzwisisiro enhengo dzevanhu."Mumabhuku eanatomy, kana ukaiona, yakakura, idiki, uye mifananidzo yakanaka yakadhonzwa nemaoko nechikonzero chimwe: dudziro dzehunyanzvi nekuti isu hatina mifananidzo," University College London (UCL) ) akadaro..Muongorori Mukuru Claire Walsh akadaro."Kekutanga tinogona kuita chinhu chaicho."
Taforo naWalsh chikamu chechikwata chepasi rose chevaongorori vanopfuura makumi matatu vakagadzira nzira ine simba yekuvheneka X-ray inonzi Hierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Nayo, vanogona kupedzisira vabva munhengo yakakwana yemunhu kuenda pakuona kwakakura kwetsinga dzeropa dzemuviri kana masero ega ega.
Iyi nzira iri kutopa ruzivo rutsva rwekuti COVID-19 inokuvadza sei uye inogadzirisa tsinga dzeropa mumapapu.Kunyangwe tarisiro yayo yenguva refu yakaoma kuziva nekuti hapana chakafanana neHiP-CT chakambovapo, vaongorori vari kufara nekugona kwaro vari kuona nechido nzira itsva dzekunzwisisa chirwere uye mepu yemunhu ane mepu yakanyatsojeka.
Mumwe chiremba wezvemwoyo weUCL Andrew Cooke akati: “Vanhu vazhinji vanogona kushamisika kuti tanga tichidzidza chimiro chemwoyo kwemazana emakore, asi hapana kubvumirana pane zvakajairwa kuumbwa kwemoyo, kunyanya moyo… apo mwoyo unorova.”
“Ndave ndakamirira basa rangu rose,” akadaro.
Iyo HiP-CT nzira yakatanga apo vaviri veGerman pathologists vakakwikwidza kuteedzera mhedzisiro yehutachiona hweSARS-CoV-2 pamuviri wemunhu.
Danny Jonigk, chiremba wechipfuva paHannover Medical School, naMaximilian Ackermann, chiremba wepaUniversity Medical Center Mainz, vaive vakangwarisa sezvo nhau dzenyaya isina kujairika yemabayo yakatanga kupararira muChina.Vese vaive neruzivo rwekurapa mamiriro emapapu uye vakaziva ipapo kuti COVID-19 yaive isina kujairika.Vaviri ava vainyanya kushushikana nezve mishumo ye "yakanyarara hypoxia" iyo yaichengeta varwere veCCIDID-19 vakamuka asi yakakonzera kuwanda kweokisijeni muropa.
Ackermann naJonig vanofungidzira kuti SARS-CoV-2 neimwe nzira inorwisa tsinga dzeropa mumapapu.Chirwere pachakapararira kuGermany munaKurume 2020, vaviri ava vakatanga autopsies paCOVID-19 vakabatwa.Nenguva isipi vakaedza vascular hypothesis yavo nekubaya resin mumasampureti ematishu uye vobva vanyungudutsa matishu muasidhi, vachisiya muenzaniso chaiwo weiyo yekutanga vasculature.
Vachishandisa nzira iyi, Ackermann naJonigk vakafananidza matishu kubva kuvanhu vasina kufa kubva kuCOVID-19 kune avo kubva kuvanhu vakafa.Ivo vakabva vaona kuti muvakabatwa neCCIDID-19, tsinga diki dzeropa mumapapu dzakamonyaniswa nekuvakwa patsva.Iyi mibairo mibairo, yakaburitswa pamhepo muna Chivabvu 2020, inoratidza kuti COVID-19 hachisi chirwere chekufema, asi chirwere chevascular chinogona kukanganisa nhengo dzemuviri wese.
"Kana ukafamba nemuviri uye uchibatanidza tsinga dzese dzeropa, unowana mamaira 60,000 kusvika 70,000, inova chinhambwe chakapetwa kaviri kutenderedza equator," akadaro Ackermann, chiremba wezvirwere wekuWuppertal, Germany..Akawedzera kuti kana chikamu chimwe chete kubva muzana chetsinga idzi chikarwiswa nehutachiona, kuyerera kweropa uye kukwanisa kutora oxygen kwaizokanganiswa, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro inoparadza kunhengo yose.
Jonigk naAckermann pavakangoona kubata kweCCIDID-19 patsinga dzeropa, vakaona kuti vaifanira kunzwisisa zvirinani kukuvadzwa.
Kurapa x-ray, senge CT scans, inogona kupa maonero enhengo dzese, asi hadzisi dzepamusoro zvakakwana kugadziriswa.Biopsy inobvumira masayendisiti kuti aongorore masampula etishu pasi pemaikorosikopu, asi mifananidzo inobuda inomiririra chikamu chidiki chenhengo yese uye haigone kuratidza kuti COVID-19 inokura sei mumapapu.Uye iyo resin tekinoroji iyo timu yakagadzira inoda kunyungudutsa matishu, ayo anoparadza sampuli uye anomisa kumwe kutsvagisa.
"Pakupera kwezuva, [mapapu] anowana oxygen uye carbon dioxide inobuda, asi nokuda kwaizvozvo, ine zviuru zvemakiromita etsinga dzeropa nemacapillaries, akaparadzana zvishoma ... chinenge chishamiso," Jonigk, muvambi, akadaro. muongorori mukuru kuGerman Lung Research Center."Saka tinganyatsoongorora sei chimwe chinhu chakaoma seCCIDID-19 pasina kuparadza nhengo?"
Jonigk naAckermann vaida chimwe chinhu chakanga chisati chamboitika: nhevedzano ye x-rays yenhengo imwechete iyo yaizobvumira vaongorori kuti vawedzere zvikamu zveorgan kune cellular scale.Muna Kurume 2020, vaviri vekuGerman vakabatana nemushandi wavo wenguva refu Peter Lee, sainzi wezvekushandisa uye sachigaro wehunyanzvi huri kusimukira kuUCL.Hunyanzvi hwaLee kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu vachishandisa X-ray ine simba, saka pfungwa dzake dzakabva dzatendeukira kuFrench Alps.
IEuropean Synchrotron Radiation Center iri panzvimbo ine mativi matatu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweGrenoble, uko kunosangana nzizi mbiri.Chinhu chacho ichidimbu chinosimudza maerekitironi chinotumira maerekitironi mumativi akatenderera akareba hafu yekiromita pamwe nekumhanya kwechiedza.Maerekitironi aya paanotenderera ari madenderedzwa, magineti ane simba ari muorbit anotenderedza twunhu tunhu, zvichiita kuti maerekitironi abudise mamwe eX-ray anopenya zvikuru pasi rose.
Iyi mwaranzi ine simba inobvumira iyo ESRF kusora pazvinhu zviri pa micrometer kana kunyange nanometer chiyero.Inowanzo shandiswa kudzidza zvinhu zvakaita searoyi uye macomposites, kudzidza chimiro chemolecular yemapuroteni, uye kunyange kugadzirazve zvisaririra zvekare pasina kupatsanura dombo kubva pabhonzo.Ackermann, Jonigk naLee vaida kushandisa chiridzwa chihombe kutora max-rays enhengo dzemunhu pasi rose.
Pinda Taforo, ane basa paESRF rakasundira miganhu yezvinogona kuona synchrotron scanning.Hunhu hwayo hunokatyamadza hwemanomano hwakanga hwambobvumira masayendisiti kutarisa mukati memazai edinosaur uye akapotsa acheka mhamha dzakavhurika, uye nekukurumidza Taforo akasimbisa kuti masynchrotrons aikwanisa kutarisisa mapapu ese lobes zvakanaka.Asi kutaura zvazviri, kuongorora nhengo dzese dzevanhu idambudziko rakakura.
Kune rumwe rutivi, pane dambudziko rekuenzanisa.Yakajairwa x-rays inogadzira mifananidzo inoenderana nehuwandu hwemwaranzi dzakasiyana zvinhu zvinotora, ine zvinorema zvinhu zvinotora kupfuura zvakareruka.Matishu akapfava anowanzo umbwa nezvinhu zvinoreruka — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc. — saka haaratidzike zvakajeka pa x-ray yekurapa.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru pamusoro peESRF ndechekuti X-ray danda rayo rakabatana zvakanyanya: mwenje unofamba mumafungu, uye kana iri ESRF, ese maX-rays ayo anotanga panguva imwecheteyo uye kurongeka, inogara ichitenderera, senge tsoka dzakasiiwa. naReik kuburikidza nebindu rezen.Asi maX-ray aya paanopfuura nepakati pechinhu, misiyano isinganyatsooneki mukuwanda kwayo inogona kuita kuti ekisireyi yega yega itsauke zvishoma kubva munzira, uye musiyano unova nyore kuona sezvo X-rays inofamba ichienda kure nechinhu.Kutsauka uku kunogona kuratidza misiyano yedensity iri muchinhu mukati mechinhu, kunyangwe chikaitwa nechiedza.
Asi kugadzikana ndeimwe nyaya.Kuti utore mutsara we-x-rays yakawedzerwa, nhengo inofanira kugadziriswa muchimiro chayo chechisikigo kuitira kuti irege kukotama kana kufamba zvinopfuura chiuru chemirimita.Uyezve, ma-x-ray anoteedzana enhengo imwechete haazoenderana.Hazvina maturo kutaura, zvisinei, muviri unogona kuchinja zvikuru.
Lee nechikwata chake kuUCL vane chinangwa chekugadzira midziyo yaigona kumirisana ne-synchrotron X-rays vachiri kurega masaisai akawanda achipfuura nepaanogona napo.Lee akabatawo hurongwa hwese hwepurojekiti - semuenzaniso, ruzivo rwekutakura nhengo dzevanhu pakati peGermany neFrance - uye akahaya Walsh, anonyanya hunyanzvi mune biomedical data hombe, kuti abatsire kuona maitiro ekuongorora scans.Kudzoka kuFrance, basa raTaforo raisanganisira kuvandudza maitiro ekuvheneka uye kuona machengetero enhengo mumudziyo waivakwa nechikwata chaLee.
Tafforo aiziva kuti kuitira kuti nhengo dzirege kuora, uye mifananidzo yacho ive yakajeka sezvinobvira, inofanira kugadziriswa nezvikamu zvakawanda zve ethanol ine aqueous.Aizivawo kuti aifanira kudzikamisa organ pane chimwe chinhu chainyatsoenderana nedensity yenhengo yacho.Chirongwa chake chaive chekuisa nhengo mu ethanol-rich agar, chinhu chakaita sejelly chakatorwa kubva mugungwa.
Nekudaro, dhiabhorosi ari mune zvese - semuzhinji muEurope, Taforo yakanamatira kumba uye yakavharirwa.Saka Taforo akafambisa tsvagiridzo yake mulabhu yekumba: Akapedza makore achishongedza yaimbove yepakati-saizi kicheni ine 3D maprinta, ekutanga chemistry michina uye maturusi anoshandiswa kugadzirira mapfupa emhuka kuti atsvage anatomical.
Taforo akashandisa zvigadzirwa zvemuchitoro cheko kuti aone magadzirirwo eagar.Anototora mvura yemututu kubva padenga raachangobva kuchenesa kuti agadzire mvura ine demineralized, chinhu chakajairika mulab-grade agar formulas.Kuti adzidzire kurongedza nhengo muagari, akatora ura hwenguruve kubva kune imwe nzvimbo inourayira.
Taforo akacheneswa kuti adzokere kuESRF pakati paMay kune yekutanga bvunzo yemapapu scan yenguruve.Kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Chikumi, akagadzirira uye akaongorora mapapu ekuruboshwe kwemurume ane makore makumi mashanu nemana akafa neCCIDID-54, yakatorwa naAckermann naJonig kubva kuGermany kuenda kuGrenoble.
“Pandakaona mufananidzo wekutanga, paive netsamba yekukumbira ruregerero muemail yangu kumunhu wese ane chekuita nechirongwa ichi: takatadza uye handina kukwanisa kuwana scan yemhando yepamusoro,” akadaro."Ndakangovatumira mifananidzo miviri yaindityisa asi yakavaitira zvakanaka."
Kuna Lee weYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Los Angeles, mifananidzo yacho inoshamisa: mifananidzo yenhengo yakazara yakafanana neyakajairwa CT scans yekurapa, asi "inopenengura miriyoni ruzivo."Zvinoita sokuti muongorori ave achidzidza nezvesango kwoupenyu hwake hwose, achibhururuka nepamusoro pesango nendege hombe yejeti, kana kuti achifamba munzira.Zvino vanobhururuka pamusoro pedenga seshiri dziri pamapapiro.
Chikwata chakaburitsa tsananguro yavo yekutanga izere yeHiP-CT maitiro muna Mbudzi 2021, uye vaongorori vakaburitsawo ruzivo rwekuti COVID-19 inobata sei mamwe marudzi ekutenderera mumapapu.
Iyo scan zvakare yaive nebhenefiti isingatarisirwe: yakabatsira vaongorori kugonesa shamwari nemhuri kuti vabaiwe.Muzviitiko zvakakomba zveCCIDID-19, tsinga zhinji dzeropa mumapapu dzinoita sedzakakushwa uye kuzvimba, uye kusvika pamwero mudiki, tsinga diki dzeropa dzinogona kuumbwa.
"Ukatarisa chimiro chemapapu kubva kumunhu akafa neCCIDIDS, haaite semapapu - itsvina," akadaro Tafolo.
Akawedzera kuti kunyangwe munhengo dzine hutano, mascans aiburitsa pachena maumbirwo emuviri asina kumbonyorwa nekuti hapana nhengo yemunhu yakamboongororwa zvakadzama kudaro.Nemari inodarika miriyoni imwe yemadhora kubva kuChan Zuckerberg Initiative (sangano risingabatsiri rakavambwa neMukuru weFacebook Mark Zuckerberg nemudzimai waZuckerberg, chiremba Priscilla Chan), chikwata cheHiP-CT parizvino chiri kugadzira chinonzi atlasi yenhengo dzemunhu.
Parizvino, timu yakaburitsa zviyero zvenhengo shanu - moyo, huropi, itsvo, mapapu, uye spleen - zvichibva panhengo dzakapihwa naAckermann naJonigk panguva yavo yeCOVID-19 autopsy kuGermany uye hutano "control" nhengo LADAF.Anatomical laboratory yeGrenoble.Chikwata chakagadzira data, pamwe nemafirimu ekubhururuka, zvichienderana nedata rinowanikwa pachena paInternet.The Atlas of Human Organs iri kukurumidza kuwedzera: dzimwe nhengo dze30 dzakaongororwa, uye dzimwe makumi masere dziri pamatanho akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirira.Vanoda kusvika makumi mana mapoka akasiyana ekutsvagisa vakabata timu kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezve nzira, Li akadaro.
UCL cardiologist Cook anoona mukana mukuru mukushandisa HiP-CT kuti unzwisise yakakosha anatomy.UCL radiologist Joe Jacob, anorapa chirwere chemapapu, akati HiP-CT ichave "yakakosha pakunzwisisa chirwere," kunyanya mumatatu-dimensional zvimiro zvakaita setsinga dzeropa.
Kunyange maartist akapinda mukurwisana.Barney Steele weLondon-based experiential art collective Marshmallow Laser Feast anoti ari kuferefeta nekushingaira kuti HiP-CT data inogona kuongororwa sei mune inonyudza chaiyo chaiyo."Chaizvoizvo, tiri kugadzira rwendo kuburikidza nemuviri wemunhu," akadaro.
Asi pasinei nezvipikirwa zvose zveHiP-CT, kune matambudziko makuru.Chekutanga, anodaro Walsh, HiP-CT scan inogadzira "huwandu hunokatyamadza hwedata," zviri nyore terabyte panhengo.Kuti vabvumire varapi kuti vashandise zviyero izvi munyika chaiyo, vaongorori vanotarisira kugadzira iyo-yakavakirwa gore-yakavakirwa interface yekufamba nayo, senge Google Mepu yemuviri wemunhu.
Vaifanirawo kuita kuti zvive nyore kushandura scans kuita 3D modhi dzinoshanda.Kufanana nemaitiro ese eCT scan, HiP-CT inoshanda nekutora zvidimbu zve2D zvechinhu chakapihwa nekuzvibatanidza pamwechete.Kunyange nanhasi, zvizhinji zveizvi zvinoitwa nemaoko, kunyanya kana zvichiongororwa matishu asina kujairika kana ane chirwere.Lee naWalsh vanoti chinonyanya kukosha chechikwata cheHiP-CT kugadzira nzira dzekudzidza muchina dzinoita kuti basa iri rive nyore.
Aya matambudziko achawedzera sezvo maatlasi enhengo dzemunhu anowedzera uye vaongorori vanonyanya kuda chinzvimbo.Chikwata cheHiP-CT chiri kushandisa yazvino ESRF beam mudziyo, unonzi BM18, kuenderera mberi nekuongorora nhengo dzeprojekiti.Iyo BM18 inogadzira yakakura X-ray danda, zvinoreva kuti kuvheneka kunotora nguva shoma, uye BM18 X-ray detector inogona kuiswa kusvika 125 tsoka (38 metres) kure nechinhu chiri kuvhenekwa, zvichiita kuti chinyatsojeka.Mhedzisiro yeBM18 yatove yakanaka kwazvo, anodaro Taforo, uyo akaongorora mamwe ekutanga Human Organ Atlas samples pane itsva system.
Iyo BM18 inogona zvakare kuongorora zvinhu zvakakura kwazvo.Nenzvimbo nyowani iyi, timu inoronga kuongorora torso yese yemuviri wemunhu mune imwe yakadonha mukupera kwa2023.
Achiongorora hukuru hwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji, Taforo akati, "Isu tiri pakutanga chete."
© 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC.Kodzero dzese dzakachengetwa.